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FROM THE PRIE^CIPALS 

IE GRAMMAR SCHOOLS IN THE CITY OF NEW YORK. 



We are using Anderson's Histories of the United States in our 
schools with complete success. For class-room instruction they 
are, we believe, superior to any other works on the subject with 
which we are acquainted. 

FRANCIS J. HAGGARTY, 

Principal of Grammar School, No. 2. 
THOMAS P. OKIE, 

Principal of Grammar School, No. 6. 
SAMUEL D. ALLISON, 

Principal of Grammar School, No. 7. 
CHARLES W. LORD, 

Principal of Grammar School, No. 8, 
LAFAYETTE OLNEY, 

Principal of Grammar School, No. 14. 
NATHAN P. BEERS, 

Principal of Grammar School, No. 15. 
EDWARD P. WORTH, 

Principal of Grammar School, No. 18. 
WILLIAM SMEATON, 

Principal of Grammar School, No. 19. 
ALEXANDER MOREHOUSE, 

Principal of Grammar School, No. 20. 
SIDNEY W. MERRITT, 

Principal of Grammar School, No. 22. 
WILLIAM MULLANEY, 

Principal of Grammar School, No. 23. 
JAMES M. SWEENY, 

Principal of Grammar School, No. 24. 
JOSEPH W. CREMIN, 

Principal of Grammar School, No. 27. 
HUGH DUFFY, 

Principal of Grammar School, No. 29. 
CATHARINE C. CONNOLLY, 

Principal of Grammar School, No. 30. 
JOHN W. BOYCE, 

Principal of Grammar School, No. 37. 



RECOMMENDATIONS. 

J. ELIAS WHITEHEAD, 

Principal of Grammar School, No. 38. 
JACOB S. WARNER, 

Principal of Grammar School, No. 39. 
JACOB T. BOYLE, 

Principal of Grammar School, No. 42. 
ELIJAH A. ROWLAND, 

Principal of Grammar School, No, 43. 
LETITIA MATHEWS, 

Principal of Grammar School, No. 50. 
H. WILLIAMSON, 

Principal of Grammar School, No. 53. 
LEMUEL H. WATERS, 

Principal of Grammar School, No. 55. 



In all the essentials of a complete school history of our countiy, 
Anderson's hooks, in our opinion, are not surpassed by any in use. 

ALONZO HOPPER, 

Principal of Grammar School, No. 11. 
LEONARD HAZELTINE, 

Principal of Grammar School, No. 13. 
JOHN JASPAR, Jr., 

Principal of Grammar School, No. 51. 



The School History of the United States, by John J. Andei-son, 
we consider admirably adapted for use as a class manual upon this 
subject. The materials are judiciously selected and arranged, the 
facts clearly and accurately stated, and the style simple aud appro- 
priate. It is altogether the best book upon the subject, we have 
seen, for school purposes. 

WILLIAM W. SMITH, 

Principal of Grammar School, No. 1. 
DAVID PATTERSON, 

Principal of Grammar School, No. 3. 
MICHAEL J. O'DONNELL, 

Principal of Grammar School, No. 5. 
JOHN F. STODDARD, 

Principal of Grammar School, No. 10. 
JOHN BOYLE, 

Principal of Grammar School, No. 21. 



RECOMMENDATIONS. 

OLIVER O'DONNELL, 

Principal of Grammar School, No. 26. 
THOMAS HUNTER, 

Principal of Grammar School, JSfo. 35. 
ALPHEUS D. DU BOIS, 

Prbicipal of Grammar School, No. 36. 
THOMAS FOULKE, ' 

Principal of Grammar School, No. 45. 



The work will, in my judgment, take its place among the best 
and most accm-ate manuals of United States History extant. 

JOHN H. FANNING, 

Principal of Grammar School, No. 12. 

I fully concur in the opinion expressed by Mr. Fanning of An- 
derson's Common School History. 

JAMES H. PARTRIDGE, 

Principal of Grammar School, No. 48. 



FKOM THE PRINCIPALS 

OF THE GRAMMAR SCHOOLS IN THE CITY OF BROOKLYN. 

It gives us pleasure, after using Anderson's Histories in our 
schools during the last two years, to say that we like them. The 
plan of instraction, combining the geography with the chronology 
of the narrative, is one which gives the book a decided superiority 
over the works of other authors on the subject. They have our 
hearty commendation. 

LYMAN E. WHITE, 

Principal of Grammar School, No. 1 
JACOB SAND, 

Principal of Grammar School, No. 2 . 
FREDERICK D. CLARKE, 

Prbicipal of Grammar School, No. 3. 
EDGAR KNICKERBOCKER, 

Principal of Grammar School, No. 4. 
C. EDWARD TUTHILL, 

Principal of Grammar School, No. 5. 
JOHN B. BEALE, 

Principal of Grammar School, No. 6. 



RECOMMENDATIONS. 

SAMUEL TAYLOR, 

Principal of Grammar School, No. 7. 
P. H. LESSNER, 

Principal of Grammar School, No. 9. 
PETER ROUGET, 

Principal of Oi'ammar School, No. 10. 
LEROY F. LEWIS, 

Principal of Grammar School, No. 11. 
EDWIN S. ADAMS, 

Principal of Qrammar School, No. 12. 
WILLIAM N. REID, 

Principal of Orammar Schooly No. 13. 
BENJAMIN EDSON, 

Pnncipal of Grammar ScTiool, No. 14. 
JOSEPH GILE, 

Principal of Grammar Sclwol, No. 15. 
LEONARD DUNELY, Jr., 

Pnncipal of Grammar School, No. 16. 
HENRY D. WOODWORTH, 

Principal of Grammar School, No. 17. 
EDWARD BUSH, 

Pnncipal of Grammar School, No. 18. 
THOMAS W. VALENTINE, 

Principal of Grammar School, No. 19. 
GEORGE L. A. MARTIN, 

Principal of Grammar School, No. 20. 
K. E. McWILLIAMS, 

Principal of Grammar School, No. 21. • 
LYMAN B. HANAFORD, 

Principal of Grammar School, No. 22. 
SAMUEL S. MARTIN, 

Principal of Grammar School, No. 23. 
A. G. MERWIN, 

Principal of Grammxir School, No. 24. 
SAMUEL C. BARNES, 

Principal of Grammar School, No. 25. 
JAMES E. RYAN, 

Pnncipal of Grammar School, No. 26. 
AGNES Y. HUMPHREY, 

Prindpai of Grammar School, No. 27. 
ELLA FOLGER, 

Principal of Grammar School, No. 28. 
ALGERNON S. HIGGINS, 

Prhicipal of Grammar School, No. 29. 



PROGRESSIVE MAPS,N?1. 



87 Lon^. from- 82 Greeiiwich. 77 




East of the Mississippi ,J)^ 

m mmmm m mi mmmf^ 



1-5 Long. from lo Washgt^ . 



FertL M;iy er k Co. Lnhofraphtr*. 9G Fulton StX.Y 



GRAMMAR SCHOOL HISTORY 



UNITED STATES 



TO AVHICH ARE ADDED 



THE CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES 

WITH QUESTIONS AND EXPLANATIONS, 

THE DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE, 

AND 

WASHINGTON'S FAREWELL ADDRESS. 
BY 

JOHN J.' ANDERSON, A.M., 

Late Principal op Grammar School No. 31, New York Citt. 



NEW YORK: 
CLARK & MAYNARD, PUBLISHERS, 

5 BARCLAY STREET 

i8r)8. 








A 

HOOL HISTORIES OF THE UNITED STATES, 
C?^ 1.^ JOHN J. ANDERSON, A. M., 

LATE PRENCIPAL OF GRAMMAR SCHOOL NO. 31, NEW TORK CITT. 




1. Anderson's Introductory School History of 

tlie United States, arranged on the catechetical plan : to which are added 
the Declaration of Independence, and the Constitution of the United States 
with questions and explanations. Illustrated with forty maps. 192 pp. 16mo. 

Although this work is arranged on the catechetical plan, the text was fully 
written before a single question was prepared ; consequently it may be read or 
studied independently of the questions, in the form and manner of a continued 
narrative. It is intended for classes of both advanced and lower grades^ where 
only an outline of the histoi^y of our country is taught. 

2. Anderson's Common School History of the 

United. States, arranged on the catechetical plan : to which are added the 
Declaration of Independence, and the Constitution of the United States with 
questions and explanations. Fully illustrated with maps. 348 pp. 16rao. 

This work is more strictly catechetical than the preceding, since the answers 
are more independent of each other. It is particularly intended ioR 

JUNIOR AND HIGHER CLASSES IN LARGE GRADED SCHOOLS. 

3. Anderson's Orammar School History of the 

United States, to which are added the Constitution of the United States 
with questions and explanations, the Declaration of Independence, and Wash- 
ington's Farewell Address. 252 pp. 16mo. 

This work is a connected narrative, with one set of questions at the bottom 
of the page and another set of a comprehensive or topical character at the end 
of the sections. Besides about forty ordinary maps, it contains four large col- 
ored maps, showing the geographical conditions or limits of the United "States 
at different periods. This tvork ivill meet all the wants of graded schools and 
academies. 

4. Anderson's Pictorial History of the United 

states, to which are added the Declaration of Independence, and the Consti- 
tution of the United States with questions and explanations. Illustrated with 
forty-seven maps and one hundred and fifty portraits, vignettes, etc. 400 pp. 
12mo. 

This is also a connected narrative, but more complete and circumstantial in 
its statements than any of the preceding. It is intended for Grammar and 
High schools. 

Published by 



Clark & Maynard, 

5 BARCLAY ST., New York. 



Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1S6S, 

By JOHN J. ANDERSON, 

In the Clerk's Office of the District Court of the United States for the 

Southern District of New York. 



2^ 3U 



TO TEACHEKS. 



This work is intended for advanced classes in Gram- 
mar Schools and Academies. The leading aim in its 
preparation has been to narrate the events, as well- as 
their causes, details, effects, and connection with each 
other, in the most concise language consistent with 
the clearness and fulness necessary for the proper 
understanding of the subject. Although the history 
of our country is here condensed within a few pages, 
it is believed that all the important facts are stated, 
and that no particulars are omitted that are essential 
to their clear comprehension. 

A knowledge of history can never be acquired so as 
to make the acquisition permanent and useful, unless, 
at the same time, the geography of the narrative is 
well understood. The exact location of every place 
mentioned in this work, except a very few beyond the 
limits of the United States, is shown on maps, a num- 
ber of which were specially prepared for this work ; 
and the system of map questions, by which not only 
the location of each place is required to be learned, 
but its situation with reference to other places, is a 



TO TEACHERS. 



feature not to be found in any other history which 
has come under the author's notice. Of the import- 
ance of uniting the two studies of history and geo- 
graphy, no practical teacher need be informed, iiy 
associating events with places, both are more perma- 
nently impressed on the mind. 

The design of the questions at the bottom of the 
pages, is to draw attention to the facts singly. Those 
at the end of the sections, called Review Questions, 
associate facts belonging to the same class or train 
of events, and, consequently, require answers of a 
topical character. This method, in connection with 
the requirements in relation to geogi'aphy, cannot fail 
to awaken an interest in the mind of the learner, and 
lead him to a knowledge of the subject that will prove 
satisfactory and permanent. It will give him, too, a 
power and readiness of grouping, describing, and re- 
lating, that will prove of lasting benefit. 

It will be observed that the author has given more 
attention to the pronunciation of proper names than 
in his previous works. The pronunciation of no name 
that seemed to be at all difficult for the learner, has 
been omitted. The authorities employed are Web- 
ster's and Worcester's Dictionaries, and Baldwin's 
Gazetteer. 

Tlie author would suggest to his fellow-teachers, 



TO TEACHEFtS. 



that this book may be used just as it is written. It 
is a production growing out of twenty years' expe- 
rience in the school-room ; and, while no claim of 
perfection is made either for its plan or infallibility 
in its statements, it will be, it is believed, when thus 
used, an important aid in the hands of teachers. The 
maps should be used freely : they may be drawn by 
the teacher or pupils on the blackboard ; and no reci- 
tation should be heard nor instruction given, without 
them. In this way pupils will be made to learn and 
recite intelligently, since they will be compelled to 
use their eyes as well as their ears, and to exercise 
their understanding. 

With regard to the chronology, two things are to be 
avoided. The pupil should not be required to learn 
dates unassociated with the narrative, nor should any 
system of mnemonics be employed which requires the 
use of facts or statements not belonging to the liis- 
tory. In the one case, the mind is burdened with 
useless lumber to the overtasking of the memory ; 
and, in the other case, it is confused with a multipli- 
city of facts, perhaps, of but little or no importance. 
A few prominent events should be selected as stand- 
points, from which, on the one side, may be seen a 
train of causes ; and, on the other, a series of effects 
or consequences. In this way, whatever is really im- 



TO TEACHEES. 



portant, will be readily remembered and judiciously 
appropriated. 

With these few remarks and suggestions, the author 
commits the work to the impartial examination of his 
fellow-laborers in the cause of education ; trustuig 
that it will be received with that kind consideration 
which has been extended to his other works on this 
subject. 



TO ILLUSTRATE 1?T SECTI0^9, 
DISCOVERIES 

EXPLORATIONS 




HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 



SECTION I. 
Discoveries and Explorations. 

EXTENDING FROM THE DISCOVERY OF AMERICA, IN 1492, TO 
THE SETTLEMENT OF VIRGINIA, IN 1607. 

1. America was discovered in 1492 by Christopher Co- 
lumbus, a native of Genoa (jen'-o-a), Italy. Believing 
the earth to be round, Columbus concluded that by sailing 
westward he would sooner reach India than by taking 
the usual route by way of Egypt. The route around 
the southern extremity of Africa was not then known. 

2. Being too poor to fit out an expedition at his own 
expense, he applied for aid to the republic of Genoa, and 
afterward to the monarchs of England and Portugal ; 
but in vain. At last he was assisted by Isabella, Queen 
of Spain. With a fleet of three vessels he set sail, and 
after a voyage of ten weeks, discovered one of the Baha- 

Map Questions.— (See Map, pajje 8.) Where are the Bahama Islands? The 
West Indies ? Where is Giianahahi ? Labrador? Porto Kico ? Florida? St. 
Domin<?o ? Cuba ? Tampa Bay ? Newfoundland ? Quebec ? Nova Scotia ? 
New Brunswick? Acadia? Port Royal entrance ? St. Augustine ? Pamlico 
Sound? Albemarle Sound? Virginia? Cape Cod ? Maine? Marthas Vineyard ? 
Jamestown ? Into what waters does the Mississippi flow ? The St, Lawrence ? 
The St. John's ? The Kennebec ? The James ? 

1. Who was Columbus? When was America discovered? Who made the 
discovery ? What belief did Columbus have ? What was then the usual route 
to India? What route was then not yet known ? 

2. For what did Columbus solicit aid? Why did he do so? Of whom did 
he ask aid? Who, finally, assisted him ? What can j'ou state of his first voyage ? 
What laud did he discover ? What name did he give it ? 

I* 



10 DISCOVERIES AND EXPLORATIONS. [1492. 

ma Islands, called by the natives Guanahani {gwah-nah- 
hah'-ne). He gave it the name of San Salvador. 

3. Columbus made three other voyages to the New 
World, in the first of which, as well as in the one just 
described, his discoveries were confined to the islands 
between North and South America. These he supposed 
to be near India ; but when, in after years, the mistake 
became known, they were called the West Indies, and the 
islands southeast of Asia were called the East Indies. 

4. In his third voyage, made in 1498, Columbus dis- 
covered the mainland, at the mouth of the river 0-ri-no'- 
co, in South America ; and in his last he examined the 
coast of Da-ri-en'. He died in Spain, at the age of seventy, 
a few months after he returned from his fourth voyage. 
He never knew that he had discovered a new continent. 

5. In 1497, John Cabot {kab'-bot), and his son Sebastian, 
while sailing under a commission from Henry VII. of 
England, reached the coast of Labrador, and thus wei"© 
the first to discover the continent of America. In a 
second voyage, made by Sebastian Cabot, in 1498, the 
coast from Labrador to Chesapeake Bay was explored. 

6. In 1499, Amerigo Vespucci {ah-rnd-re-gd ves-iwot'- 
c/ie), a Florentine navigator, visited the eastern coast of 
South America, and, in 1501, made a second voyage to 
the same regions. He prepared accounts of the two voy- 
ages, from which he acquired the reputation of being the 
discoverer of the western mainland. In consequence of 
this, as well as from the fact that his were the first pub- 
lished accounts of the newly discovered country, it was 
called America. 



3. What ean you state of Columbus's second voyage ? Why were the West 
Indies so called ? 

4. What can you state of Columbus's third voyage? Of his fourth ? What 
further can you state of Columbus ? 

5. What discovery was made in 1497? What exploration was made in 
149S? 

6 Who was Amerigo Vespucci ? What two voyages are mentioned ? Why 
was the new world called America? 



1512.] DISCOVERIES AND EXPLORATIONS. 11 



7. Twenty years after Columbus's first and great clir- 
eovery, Ponce de Leon (pon'-thd da ld-d?i')^ an aged Span- 
iard, sailed from Porto Rico (re'-co) in search of a woi> 
derful fountain, which, it was said, existed in one of the 
Bahama Islands, and would impart immortal youth to all 
who might drink of its waters. 

8. After visiting several islands, he discovered, in 1512, 
an unknown land, whose forests were adorned with 
llowers. From the abundance of the flowers, and. also 
because the discovery happened on Easter Sunday, which 
the Spaniards call Pascua Florida {pah'-scoo-ah Jlo-re'- 
dah), it received the name of Florida. His search for 
the fountain was, of course, unsuccessful. 

9. Several years after, he went again to Florida. His 
object this time was to make a settlement, he having 
been appointed governor of the country uj^on the condi- 
tion that he would colonize it. He effected a landing, 
but in an attack made by the natives, the Spaniards 
were killed or driven back to their ships, and De 
Leon received a mortal wound — of which he died, in 
Cuba. 

10. Two expeditions were made to Carolina by De 
Ay lion (del ile-yone). The object of the first, made in 
1520, was the capture of natives to work the plantations 
and mines of St. Domingo. The second was undertaken 
to conquer the country. Both were unsuccessful. 

11. In 1517, Cordova (kor'-do-va) discovered Mexico, 
and explored the northern coast of Yu-ca-tan'. After- 
ward, Cor'-tez, who had been sent by the governor of 



7 Who was PoTice de Leon ? What visionary enterprise did he undertake ? 

8. Did he discover the fountain ? Why not ? What did he discover? Why 
was the land called P'lnrida ? 

9. What next did De Leon undertake ? -What was the result ? 

10. What was undertaken in 1520? What, afterward? What were the re- 
sults? 

1 1 . When was Mexico discovered ' Who made the discovery ? What else 
did Cordova do ? W^hat did Cortez accomplish ? 



12 DISCJVEiUES AND EXPLOKATIO.NS. [1528. 



Cuba, succeeded in conquering the Mexicans; and their 
country, in 1521, became a province of Spain. 

12. Xarvaez (jiar-vah'-eth), believing Florida to be a 
land of great wealth, obtained from the Spanish sovereign 
an appointment as governor, and, in 1528, sailed from 
Cuba, to conquer and possess it. The attempt proved 
disastrous ; for of the three hundred men who penetrated 
the wild regions, only four, after years of wandering, suc- 
ceeded hi reaching a Spanish settlement in Mexico. 

13. These men asserted that Florida was the richest 
country in the world, — a statement which the people of 
Spain generally believed, among them Ferdinand de Soto 
{da so'-to). With a fleet of ten vessels, and a gay com- 
pany of SIX hundred armed men, De Soto sailed for Cuba, 
whence he proceeded to Florida. He landed on the shores 
of Tampa Bay, and, in the summer of 1539, commenced 
his march into the interior. 

14. After wandering for nearly three years, during 
which, in 1541, the Mississippi was discovered, he sickened 
and died. To conceal his death from the natives, who re- 
garded him with fear, his body was sunk in the waters of 
the great river which he had discovered. The remnant 
of his followers, having in vain tried to reach Mexico 
through the forests, built seven frail barks, sailed do,wn 
the Mississippi and along the coast of Mexico, until they 
reached a Spanish settlement. 

15. In 1524, Yerrazzani {ver-rat-tsah'-ne), a Florentine 
navigator, sailing in the service of France, explored the 
coast of America from the Carolinas to Newfoundland 
{ne^o' -fund-land). To the whole region thus examined he 

12. What belief did Narvaez have? What appointment did he obtain? 
Froni what place (lid he sail ? With what object ? What was the result ? 

1 3. ^\ ho was De Soto ? What statement did he believe ? Give an account 
ol the besrinnniir of his expedition. 

w.*'*',^i'u'' ^ further account of his expedition. What river did he discover? 
When did he make the discovery ? What became of his followers •' 
,. 1,5- Who '^^'as Verrazzani ? What explorations did he make ? What name 
did he give to the region ? Where is Chesapeake Bay ? (See Map, p 5.3 ) 



1534.] DISCOVERIES AND EXPLORATIONS. 13 



gave the luiiiie of New France, a name which was after- 
ward restricted to Canada. 

16. No other explorations were made by the French 
until 1534. In that year and the following, James Cartier 
{car-te-a) made two voyages, discovered the St. Lawrence, 
explored its banks, and took possession of the whole 
country in the name of his king. The French, however, 
effected no permanent settlement in Canada until one was 
made on the site of Quebec, in 1608. 

17. But Quebec was not the first settlement made by 
the French on the American continent, as Port Royal, 
now Annapolis, in Nova Scotia, was settled three years 
before. The French, claiming the whole territory now 
included in Nova Scotia and New Brunswick, called it 
A-ca'-di-a. 

18. The French Protestants, or Huguenots, as they 
were called, desired to have in America a place of refuge. 
With the permission of King Charles, and aided by the 
celebrated Coligny {ko-leen-ye)^ two attempts were made 
to establish a colony — one at Port Royal entrance, Caro- 
lina, in 1562, and the other on the banks of the St. John's 
River, Florida, in 1564. 

19. The settlers of 1562 built a fort, to whicii they 
gave the name of Carolina, in honor of Charles ( Carolus, 
in Latin), their king. Twenty-six men were left to keep 
possession of the country, while the others, with John 
Ribault (re-bd'), their commander, returned to France for 
re-enforcements; but the promised aid not arriving, the 
colonists, in despair, embarked for their native land. 

20. Spain, unwilling that the settlement on the St. 

16. When was the St. Lawrence discovered? By whom? What further 
did Cartier do ? When was Quebec settled ? By whom ? 

17. Which was the first French settlement in America? When was Port 
Royal settled ? What country was called Acadia ? Who called it so ? 

18. Who were the Huiruenots ? What desire did they have? Wlio aided 
them y What settlements were beijun by them ? 

19. Give an account of the Carolina settlement. 



14 DISCO VEEIES AND EXPLORATIONS. [1583. 

John's should exist, commissioned Melendez {md-len- 
det/i) to destroy it. After laying the foundiitions of St. 
Augustine, in 15 Go, JMelendez jjroceeded against the 
Huguenots, whom he sui-prised and massacred. In re- 
venge, De Gourgues {(/oorg), of France, two years after, 
surprised the Spanish forts on the St. John's, and huno- 
two hundred cajjtives upon the trees. 

21. In 1583, Sir Humphrey Gilbert sailed from England, 
under a patent granted by Queen Elizabeth. His design 
was to take possession of the northern parts of America, 
and found a colony in Newfoundland. He landed on the 
island, but, in consequence of disasters, no attempt at 
settlement was made. On the return to England, one of 
the ships, that in which Gilbert "sailed, foundered, and all 
on board perished. 

2% Sir Walter Raleigh (rmo'-le), not disheartened by 
the sad fate of his step-brother, Gilbert, obtained from 
Elizabeth an ample patent, and, in 1584, sent two vessels, 
under the command of Am'-i-das and Barlow. The voy- 
agers arrived oh the coast of Carolina, visited the islands 
in Pnin'-li-co and Albemarle sounds, took ])ossession of 
tlie countr}^ in the name of their sovereign, and, after 
trafficking with the natives, returned to England. 

23. So glowing an account did Amidas and Barlow give 
of the country which they had seen, that Elizabeth de- 
clared the event to be the most glorious in her reign, 
and, as a memorial of her unmarried state, named the 
region Virginia. Upon Kaleigh she conferred the honor 
of knighthood. 



20- Give an account of the St. John's settlement. When was St. Anfrustine 
settled'' Byvhom V .How does it rank in age among the towns in the United 
States? Aihf. It is the <.ldest. What revenge did De Gourenes have ? 

21. Vriiat voyage was commenced in l.")S3? What was Gilbert's design? 
Give an account of Oilhert's o])erations. Of his fate. 

22. V.'ho was Sir Walter Kaleigh? What expedition did he send in 1584? 
Give an aefount of it. 

23. Why was the country called Virginia? What honor was conferred upon 
Raleigh? ■'. ° 



158 5.] DISCO VEEIES AND EXrLOllATIONS. 15 



24. Two attempts were afterward made by Raleigh to 
establish a colony on lloanoke Island — one, under Kalph 
Lane, in 1585, and the other, under John White, in 1587. 
The people under Lane, after a year of distress at Roan- 
oke, embarked for England with Sir Francis Drake, who 
had stopped there on his way from the West Indies. White 
did not remain long at the island : he went to England 
tor supplies. When he returned, after an absence of 
nearly three years, none of the colonists could be 
found. 

25. The next attempt to plant an English colony in 
America was made by Bartholomew Gos'-nold, in 1602. 
He dLscovered Ca2)e Cod, and so named it because of the 
great number of codfish caught there. Concluding to 
settle on one of the Elizabeth Islands, he built a store- 
house and fort ; but discontents arising, the design was 
abandoned, and the whole party returned to England. 

26. The favorable reports of the country made by Gos- 
nold induced some English merchants to tit out two ves- 
sels, under the command of ]Martin Pring, for exploration 
and trade. Pring, in 1603, examined the shores and large 
rivers of Maine, as well as the coast thence to Martha's 
Vineyard. Three years later he made a second voyage, 
and also a more accurate survey of Maine. 

27. The territory which tlie English claimed, basing 
their claim upon the discoveries of the Cabots, extended 
from the 34th to the 45th degrees of north latitude. In 
1606, James I. divided this region into two divisions. 
The northern, called Xorth Virginia, he granted to the 



24. What did Raleigh wish to do ? Give an account of the undertaking con- 
ducted by Lane. Of the one conducted by White. 

25. When was Cape Cod discovered ? By whom? Why was it so named? 
Give an account of Gosnold"s attempt at settlement. Where are the Elizabeth 
Islands ? (See Map, p. M.) 

26. Who sent Pring to America? What induced them to send him? Give 
an account of his first voyage. Of his second. 

27. W-hat extent of American territory did the English claim? What was 
their title to the claim? AVhat division was made of the territory in ICOU? 



16 DISCOVElilES AND EXPLOKATIONS. tl60T. 



Plymouth Company ; and the southern, called South Vh*- 
ginia, to the London Company. 

28. During the following year, 1607, the Plymouth 
Company sent a number of planters, who began a settle- 
ment at the mouth of the Kennebec ; but the cold of the 
winter, the destruction of their storehouse, and the death 
of their president, discouraged them, and they returned 
to England. 

29. The London Company was successful. They sent 
more than a hundred persons, in a fleet commanded by 
Christopher Newport. The design of the colonists was 
to settle on Roanoke, but a storm carried the vessels fur- 
ther north. Sailing up a large stream, which they name<l 
the James River, they selected a place for a settlement, 
and called it Jamestown. 

CHRONOLOGICAL RECAPITULATION. 

1402. America was discovered by Columbus, 

1497. The Continent of America was discovered by John Cabot, 

1498. The coast of North America was explor(;d by Sebastian Cabot. 
The Continent of America was discovered by Columbus, 

1499. South America was visited by Amerigo Vespucci. 
1512. Florida was discovered by De Leon. 

1520. Carolina was visited by De Ayllon. 

1521. Mexico was conquered by Cortez. 

1524. The coast of North America was explored by Verrazzani. 
1528. The conquest of Florida was undertaken by Narvaez. 
1534. The St. Lawrence was discovered by Cartier. 
1541. The Mississippi was discovered by De Soto. 
15G2. The Huguenots began a settlement at Port Royal. 
1504. The Huguenots began a settlement in Florida, 

Map Questions.— (See Map, p. 53.) What larare hay is on the East of Vir- 
ginia ? Into what hodv of water does the James River flow ? Where is James- 
town ? Where are the" Bermuda Islands ? (See Map, p. S.) 

28. What attempt at settlement did the Plymouth Company make? What 
caused the failure of the attempt ? 

29. V.'here did the London Company desisjn to plant a colony? Did they clO 
6o ? Why not ': Where did they make a settlement ? 



DISCOVEKIES AND EXPLOKATIONS. 17 



1565. St. Augustine was settled by the Spaniards. 
I.jb4. The coast of Carolina was explored by Amidas and Barlow. 
1585. The first attempt was made to form a settlement at Roanoke. 
1587. Second attempt was made to form a settlement at Roanoke. 

1602. Cape Cod was discovered by Gosnold. 

1603. The New England coast was explored by Pring. 

1605. Port Royal, Nova Scotia, was settled by the French. 

1606. The London and Plymouth Companies received charters. 

1607. The Plymouth Co. began a settlement on the Kennebec. 
Jamestown was settled by the London Company. 



REVIEW QUESTIONS. 

PAGE 

1. Give an account of Columbus and his discoveries 9, 10 

2. Give an account of the Cabots and their two voyages 10 

3. Give an account of the two voyages made by Vespucci 10 

4. Give an account of De Leon's two expeditions to Florida 11 

5. Give an account of De Ayllon's two expeditions to Carolina 11 

6. Of Narvaez's expedition (12). — 7. Of De Soto's expedition 12 

8. Of Verrazzani's expeditions (12, 13).— 9. Of Cartier's expeditions 13 

10. Give an account of the Huguenot settlement at Port Royal entrance. . . 13 

11. Of the Huguenot settlement on the St. John's River 13, 14 

12. Of Gilbert's expedition to Newfoundland, and his fate 14 

13. Of the voyage made by Amidas and Barlow 14 

14. Of Raleigh's two attempts to settle Roanoke Island 15 

15. Of Gosnold's expedition and discovery in 1602 15 

16. Of two voyages made by Pring to New England 15 

17. What grants of land did King James make in 1606 ? 15, 16 

18. What were the exact limits of the two regions thus granted? Ans. 

North Virginia extended from the 41st to the 45th degree of north 
latitude ; and South Virginia, from the 34th to the 38th degree. 

19. Give an account of the undertaking made by the Plymouth Company. . 16 

20. Give an account of the success of the London Company in 1607 16 

21. Name, in order, twelve important events from 1492 to 1541 16 

22. Name, in order, twelve important events from 1541 to 1607 16, 17 

23. Name six of the early Spanish navigators 9-17 

24. Name four of the early French navigators 9-17 

25. Name eleven of the early English navigators 9-17 

26. By whom was the southwest passage to Asia discovered ? Ans. By 

Ferdinand Magellan, who sailed through the strait which bears his 
name, in 1520. At the Philippine Islands, in a contest with the na- 
tives, he was killed ; but one of his vessels reached Spain by way of 
the Cape of Good Hope, thus making the first voyage around the 
globe, 

27. Had the Pacific Ocean been previously discovered ? Ans. In 1513, 

Bal-bo'-a, while crossing the Isthmus of Darien, gained the summit 
of a mountain, from which he discovered the Pacific Ocean. 



18 COLONIAL HISTORY. [1607. 



SECTION II. 
Colonial History. 

EXTENDING FROM THE SETTLEMENT OF VIUGINIA, IN ] 607, TO 
THE COMMENCEMENT OF THE FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR, 
IN 1754. 

1. The first settlement in Virginia, as previously stated, 
was made at Jamestown, in 1607, under the direction of 
the London Company. The colony was governed under 
a charter granted by James I., the supreme government 
being vested in a council resident in England, and the 
local government m a colonial council of seven persons 
appointed by the king. 

2. At first the colony did not prosper. The scarcity of 
provisions, tlie hostility of the natives, the want of in- 
dustrial habits among the settlers, and sickness, which 
carried to the grave fifty men in less than four months, 
proved nearly fatal to the enterprise. Among those who 
died was Bartholomew Gosnold. 

3. Wingfield, the president of the council, having em- 
bezzled the public stores and become concerned in a plot 
to abandon the settlement, was expelled from office. He 
"was succeeded by RatclifFe ; but, in consequence of the 
inefficiency of the latter, the management of affairs fell 
into the hands of Captain John Smith, the most enter- 
prising and sagacious man in the colony. 

4. Several months later, upon the actual deposition of 

1. Where was the first settlement made in Virginia? Who made it ? When 
was Jamestown settled V How was the colony governed ? 

2. Why did not the colony prosper at first ? What is said of Gosnold ? 

. 3. Who was Wingfield? 'What is said of him? Who was Katclifte ? What 
IS said of him ? What, of Smith ? 

4. What further is said of Smith ? Where is Chesapeake Bay ? (Map, p. 53.) 
The James River ? 



1607.] COLONIAL HISTORY. 19 



RatclifFe, Smith was formally elected in his place. To 
the efforts of the new president the salvation of the in- 
fant colony was owing. He explored Chesapeake Bay, 
as well as the James and other rivers, and often returned 
with supplies of corn. 

5. It is related that Smith, while on one of his expedi- 
tions, was surprised by a large body of Indians, and, after 
a desperate struggle, was captured, and conducted to 
Powhatan [pow-hat-tan')^ the principal chief The war- 
riors met in council, so goes the story, and determined 
that Smith should be put to death. 

6. Accordingly he was bound, and his head placed upon 
a stone ; but, just as the savages were raising their clubs 
to dash out his brains, Po-ca-hon'-tas, a daughter of Pow- 
hatan, rushed forward, clasped the captive's head in her 
arms, and begged that his life might be saved. It is fur- 
ther related that the conduct of Pocahontas touched her 
father's heart, and the sentence was revoked. Recent 
investigations, how^ever, render it nearly certain that no 
such event ever took place. 

7. The London Company, not having realized their ex- 
pectations of profit from the Jamestown colony, sought 
and obtained a second charter, in 1609, and conferred 
upon Lord Delaw^are, a nobleman distinguished for his 
virtues, the appointment of governor for life. Three com- 
missioners, Newport, Gates, and Somers (sum'-erz), who 
had been appointed to administer the affairs of the colony 
till the arrival of Delaware, were dispatched to America 
with a fleet of nine vessels, and more than five hundred 
emigrants. 



6. Who was Powhatan ? What is stated in relation to the capture of Smith ? 
What further is stated ? 

6. State what is said in relation to carrying out the sentence. Of the part 
taken by Pocahontas. Of the result. Of the whole story. 

7. When did the London Company get a second charter ? Why did they ask 
for it ? Who was Lord Delaware? What appointment was given him? What 
is stated of three commissioners ? 



20 COLONIAL HISTOKY. [1610. 

8. While on the passage a severe storm dispersed the 
fleet. One of the vessels (that bearing the commission- 
ers) was wrecked on the Ber-mu'-da Islands, and another 
foundered ; the others reached tlie James River in safety. 
Considering that no person had yet arrived to supersede 
him, Smith maintained his j^osition as president, until, 
having been severely injured by an explosion of gun- 
powder, he returned to England for surgical aid. 

9. No sooner had Smith fairly dej^arted than the col- 
onists gave themselves up to idleness and vice. The 
Indians became hostile, the horrors of famine ensued, and 
in less than six months not more than sixty of the five 
hundred persons whom he had left Avere alive. This pe- 
riod, extending over the first half of 1610, was long re- 
membered as the " starving time." 

10. In consequence of their destitution and gloomy 
prospects, the colonists determined to seek safety among 
the English fishermen at Newfoundland. In four vessels 
they embarked ; but, just as they were drawing near the 
mouth of the river. Lord Delaware appeared with emi- 
grants and supplies, and persuaded them to return. The 
new administration was a wise one, and under it the col- 
ony prospered. In consequence, however, of ill health, 
Delaware was soon compelled to return to England. He 
was succeeded in office by Sir Thomas Gates. 

11. New settlements were made in the vicinity of 
Jamestown ; and, notwithstanding the laws were harsh 
and strict, the colony continued to prosper. With a 
view to greater privileges, the London Company obtained 

8. What misfortune befell them ? Where are the Bermudas ? (p. 8.) Why did 
Smith go to England ? (The three commissioners afterward reached Virginia.) 

9. How did the colonists behave after Smith left them ? What were the con- 
sequences ? What further is stated ? 

10. What did the colonists determine upon ? Why did they so determine ? 
Did they carry out their plan ? Why not ? What is said of Lord Delaware's ad- 
ministration ? Why dicl he return to England ? Who succeeded him in office ? 

11. When did the London Company receive their third charter? What re- 
markable feature did the new charter contain ? 



1612.] COLONIAL HISTORY. 21 



their third charter, in 1G12. A remarkable feature of the 
new charter allowed the company to hold meetings for 
the transaction of business, thus giving to that body a 
democratic form of government. 

12. Npxt year occurred the marriage of Pocahontas to 
a young Englishman, named John Rolfe (rolf). This 
event proved of great public importance, as it had the 
eifect of establishmg a confirmed peace with Powhatan, 
Three years after her marriage, Pocahontas accompanied 
her husband to England, where she was an object of in- 
terest to all classes of. citizens, and was presented at 
Court. While preparing to return to her native land, she 
suddenly died, leaving a son, from whom are descended 
some well-known families in Virginia. 

13. The commencement of negro slavery in the English 
colonies dates from its introduction into Virginia, in 1620, 
when a Dutch trading-vessel entered the James River 
with negroes, twenty of whom were landed and sold into 
perpetual slavery. During the same year, about a 
hundred women of good reputation arrived from England, 
and were married to the planters, each man giving for 
his wife one hundred and twenty pounds of tobacco, the 
price of her passage to America. The culture of cotton 
was begun the next year. 

14. After the marriage of Pocahontas, until the death 
of her father, peaceful relations existed between the 
settlers and the Indians; but, in 1622, Powhatan's suc- 
cessor commenced a bloody war, in one day massacring 
about three hundred and fifty men, women, and children. 
The colonists retaliated, slaughtering great numbers of 
the enemy. In an attack made upon the settlements, in 



12. What event occurred In IfilS? Of what advantage did it prove to the 
colonists? What further can you state of Pocahontas? 
■ 13. When did negro shivery commence in this country? State the circum- 

I stances. What other event took place in 1620? In 1621 ? 

14. What occurred in 1622? Give an account of what followed. 



22 COLONIAL HISTORY. [1G44. 

1644, about three hundred persons were killed. Hostili- 
ties continued until 1646, when a treaty was made. 

15. The affairs of the colony caused frequent meetings 
of the London Company, which were largely attended. 
The freedom of speech manifested on such occasions dis- 
pleased the king, James I., and, under the pretext that 
the disasters to the colony were the result of bad govern- 
ment, he dissolved the company. Thus Virginia became, 
in 1624, a royal province. 

16. The "Navigation Act," passed by Parliament in 
1651, secured to English shipping the monopoly of the 
carrying trade with England. Though not at first en- 
forced against Virginia, yet after its re-enactment, in 1660, 
with new provisions, it was vigorously executed, notwith- 
standing the remonstrances of the people. 

17. The colonists, in consequence, became dissatisfied ; 
and Avhen, in 1673, Charles II. ceded to Lord Culpepper 
and the Earl of Arlington " all the dominion of land and 
water called Virginia," for the term of thirty-one years, 
their dissatisfaction was greatly increased. 

18. Besides, they were restricted in the elective fran- 
chise, were required to conform to the doctrines and rituals 
of the Church of England, and the taxes levied were un- 
equal and oppressive. A spirit of rebellion, in conse- 
quence, broke out among the "common people," who 
wanted but an excuse for appearing in arms ; and it 
was soon found in an invasion made by the Susquehanna 
Indians. 

19. The measures for defence adopted by Berkeley, the 
governor, being inefiicient, the people demanded permis- 

15. When did Virginia become a royal province? How was the change 
broiiirht about? 

1 6. When was the " Navigation Act" passed ? What feature of it is men- 
tioned ? Wiiat is said of the enforcement of the act? 

17. What made the colonists dissatisfied? What increased their dissatis- 
faction ? 

18. What restriction is mentioned ? What requirement ? What oppression ? 
What was the consequence ? 



1GT6.1 COLONIAL HISTOr.Y. 23 



sion to arm and protect themselves. This being refused, 
a struggle for popular liberty broke out in 1676, known 
as Bacon's Rebellion. Five hundred men under arms, 
with Nathaniel Bacon as leader, marched against the 
Indians, whom they defeated. The colonists recovered 
for a time the rights which they formerly enjoyed ; but 
.Bacon dying, Berkeley caused twenty-two of the insur- 
gents to be hung ; and fines, imprisonments, and confisca- 
tions disgraced the rest of his administration. 

20. Upon his recall by the king, in 1677, Virginia be- 
came a proprietary government, with Culpepper as gov- 
ernor. Culpepper ruled till 1684, when, because of his 
mismanagement, the king revoked the grant made in 
1673, and deprived him of his office. Virginia then be- 
came a royal province again, and so remained till the 
Revolution. 



MASSACHUSETTS. 



ENGLAND COLONIES, IN 1643. 

21. Captain Smith, who had performed so creditable a 
part in the settlement of Virginia, set sail from London in 
1614, for the purpose of trade and discovery in America. 
He examined the shores from the Penobscot River to 
Cape Cod, and prepared a map of the country, to which 
he gave the name of New England. 



19. Who was Berkeley? What demand did the people make? Why did 
they make the demand ? How did Berkeley treat their demand ? What was 
the consequence? Who was Bacon? What further can you say of him ? What 
further can you say of Berkeley ? 

20. When was Berkeley recalled ? What, then, did Virginia become ? What 
further history of Virginia can you give ? 

21. What explorations did Captain Smith make in 1614 ? Where had Smith 
previously made explorations ? How did New England get its name ? 



24 



COLONIAL HISTORY. 



[1620. 



22. The original Plymouth Company having been su- 
perseded by another, called the Council of Plymouth, the 
king, James I,, granted to the latter, in 1620, all the ter- 
ritory between the fortieth and forty-eighth parallels of 
north latitude, extending from the Atlantic to the Pacific. 

23. It was not, however, under the direction of this 
company, nor with the aid of the king, that the first per- 



■viciBTjarr op 
MASSACHUSETTS BAY ^y. ^^ 

raltlclioro " "' "^^ 





■y..A 



irut 









Dri) 



/i 



?,Til< 



manent settlement was made in N'ew England, but by a 
small band of Pilgrims, dissenters from the Church of 
England, who had fled from their own country to find an 

Map Questions.— Where is Cape Cod ? Cape Cod Bay ? Plymouth ? Salem ? 
Boston? Little Harbor ? Portsmouth? Dover? Merrimac Elver ? Penobscot 
River? (Map. p. 61.) 

22. What company took the place of the Plymouth Company ? What grant 
was made to the new company ? 

23. Who were the Puritans? Who were the Pilgrims ? Why did the Pil- 
grims leave England ? 



lejIO.] COLONIAL HISTOKY. 25 



asylum from religious persecution. They were known in 
England as Puritans. 

24. They at first went to Amsterdam, in Holland, whence 
they removed to Leyden {Ti'-den), At Leyden they lived 
eleven years in great harmony, under the pastoral care of 
John Robinson ; but, from various causes, they became dis- 
satisfied with their residence, and desired to plant a colony 
in America, where they might enjoy their civil and reli- 
o'ious rights without molestation. After much solicitation, 
they obtained a grant of land from the London Company. 

25. As many as could be accommodated, embarked on 
board a vessel called the Speedwell. The ship sailed to 
Southampton, England, where she was joined by another 
ship, called the Mayflower, with other Pilgiims from Lon- 
don. The two vessels set sail, but had not gone far before 
the Speedwell was found to need repairs, and they entered 
the port of Dartmouth (^?rrr^'-?>M^^A), England. A second time 
they started, but again put back — this time to Plymouth, 
where the Speedwell was abandoned as unseaworthy. 

26. The Mayflower finally sailed alone, with one hun- 
dred and one passengers, the most distinguished of whom 
were John Carver, William Brewster, Miles Standish, 
William Bradford, and Edward Winslow. After a bois- 
terous passage, they reached Cape Cod Bay ; and there, 
in the cabin of the Mayflower, they agreed to and signed 
a solemn compact for their government, and unanimously 
elected Carver governor for one year. 

27. Several days were spent in searching for a favora- 
ble locality. At length, on the 21st of December, 1620, 



24. To what place did they first jro ? Where next did they go ? How long 
did they live in Leyden ? Why did they leave ? What did they desire ? What 
did they obtain ? 

25. In what vessel did the Pilgrims sail from Leyden ? What took place at 
Southampton? At Dartmouth? At Plymouth? 

26. What finally took place ? Name five of the most distinguished of the 
Mayflower's passengers. What bay did they reach ? Where is that bay ? (Map. 
p. 24.) What comi)nct was signed ? Where were the Pilgrims when they uigned 
it ? Who was the lirst governor of the colony ? 



26 COLONIAL HISTORY. . [1608, 



they landed at a place which they called Plymouth, in 
memory of tlie hospitalities /which had been bestowed 
upon them at the last English port from which they had 
sailed. The winter ^vsis severe, and in less than five 
months nearly half of that Pilgrim band died from the 
effects of exposure and i:)rivations. Carver and his wife be- 
ing among the number. Bradford was thereupon elected 
governor, and he continued, during thirty years, to be a 
prominent man in the colony. 

28. In 1621, a treaty of friendship was made with Massa- 
soit (?nas-sa-soit'), chie^ of the Warapanoags [wom-pa-no- 
rtr/s), that was sacredly observed for more than thirty years. 
Canonicus {ka-non'-i'lms)^ chief of the Narragansetts, kept 
the colonists in fear for awhile, but the decisive course of 
Bradford eventually compelled him to sue for peace. 

29. Meanwhile other influences were at work to extend 
the range of settlements. A comj^any of persons inter- 
ested in the fisheries of New England, having purchased 
a tract of land, sent a hundred persons, under the charge 
of En'-di-cott. These settled at Salem, in 1628, thus lay- 
ing tlie foundation of the Massachusetts Bay Colony. The 
proju'ietors soon after obtained a charter from Charles I. 

30. Accessions were rapidly made to the new colony, 
and settlements at Charlestown and other places were 
begun. An important change, by which the government 
of the colony was transferred to New England, induced 
men of fortune and education to join the enterprise. 
About three hundred families, mostly Puritans, under the 
care of John Winthrop, arrived in 1630, and settled at 
and near Boston. Winthrop was elected governor. 

27. When did the Pilgrims land ? Is the anniversary of that day celebrated ? 
Anii. Owini,' to a mistake in convertinjj: the date from old to new style, the 22d 
is celebrated instead of the -21 st. Where did the Pily:rims land ? Why did they 
call the place Plymouth ? What is said of their sufferings? Of Bradford? 

28. Who was Massasoit ? What treaty was made ? What is said of Canonicus? 

29. On what enterprise was Endicott sent ? With what success ? 

30. Where IS Charlestown ? (Map, p. 70.) What rhanjije in government took 
place ? What was the effect ? What took place in loliO ? 



1629. 



COLONIAL HISTORY. 



27 



31. All act of the "Genenil Court" at Boston, in 1636, 
by wliicli about two thousand dollars were appropriated 
for the purpose of founding a public school or college, led 
to the establishment of what is now the oldest literary 
institution in America. Two years after, the Rev. John 
Harvard bequeathed upwards of three thousand dollars 
to it, which, in honor of the benefactor, was named Har- 
vard College. Its location is at Cambridge. 



NEW HAMPSHIRE. 



32. The Council of Plymouth, 
It will be remembered, obtained, 
in 1620, a grant of land including 
the whole of what is now known 
as New England. Two years 
after, a portion of this territory 
was ceded to Ferdinand Gorges 
{gor'-jez) and John Mason, and 
called Laconia. In 1623, Mason 
and Gorges sent emigrants to 
America, who settled at Little Harbor, near Portsmouth ; 
and at Dover. 

33. Although the grant to Gorges and Mason included all 
the territory between the Merrimac and the Kennebec, the 
Rev. John Wheelwright, in 1629, purchased of the Indians 
a portion of the same territory. In the same year Mason 
obtained from Gorges a grant, in his own name alone, of 




I'ORTSMOUTH AND VICINITY. 



31. Where is Cambridge? (Map, p. 70.) What celebrated institution of 
learninia: is there? Give the history of its establishment. 

32. When did the Council of Plymouth obtain their jjrant? What took 
place two years after ? When was New Hampshire settled ? Where ? 

33 By whom Avas New Hampshire so called ? How did Mason come by the 
territory i Upon what did Wheelwrij^ht base his claim ? Where is the Kennebec 
liiverV ^Map, p. 61.) 



28 COLONIAL HISTORY. [1636. 



the country which Wheelwright had purchased, and to 
this he gave the name of Xew Hampshire. 

34. After the death of Mason a vexatious controversy 
took place, in consequence of the land claims which his 
heirs made. It was not terminated until they relinquished 
all the unoccupied portions of the province. The district 
of New Hampshire was several times connected with Mas- 
sachusetts, but in 1741 it became a separate royal province, 
and so continued till the Revolution. (See pp. 33, 34.) 



CONNECTICUT. 

35. In 1630, the Council of Plymouth ceded the "soil 
of Connecticut" to the Earl of Warwick; and this grant, 
the following year, was transferred to Lord Say-and-Seal, 
Lord Brooke, and others. As the Dutch, at the time, laid 
claim to the territory thus ceded, they built a fort on the 
Connecticut, where Hartford now stands, to prevent the 
English from making any settlements in that section. 

36. The structure was hardly completed when Captain 
Holmes {Jiomz) and a company from Plymouth, sailed up 
the river. Though menaced by the Dutch, the English 
passed the fort unhurt, and commenced the settlement of 
Connecticut, by erecting in that year, 1633, a trading- 
house at Windsor (loin'-zer). Important additions were 
made to this, called the Connecticut Colony, by two large 
emigrations from Massachusetts — the second conducted 
by the Rev. Thomas Hooker, in 1636. 



34. What controversy took place? How was it ended? Give the subse- 
quent history of the New Hampsnire colonv. 

35. What ?rant was made in 1630? In" 1(531 ? Where did the Dutch build a 
fort ? Why did they build it there? 

36. When was Connecticut settled? At what place? By whom ? What 
threat did the Dutch make? What additions were made to" the Connecticut 
colony i 



1635.] 



COLONIAL HISTORY. 



29 




LON& ISLAND SOUND 



37. Toward the close of 1635, John Wiiithrop, son of 
the Massachusetts governor, acting under a commission 
from the proprietors of Connecticut, built a fort at the 
mouth of the Connecticut. A colony was also established 
there, which, in honor of Lord Say-and-Seal, and Lord 
Brooke, Avas called Saybrook. 

38. About this time difficulties with the Indians com- 
menced. The Pequods {^pe -hv^odz) ^ a warlike tribe inhab- 
iting the southeast part of Connecticut, having committed 



Map Questions.— Where is Windsor ? Saybrook ? Hartford ? Wethersfield ? 
New Haven ? Providence '' (p. 24.~) What city is on the island of Rhode Island ? 
Ans. Newport. In what direction is Newport from Providence ? W^hat State 
is on the South of New Hampshire ? (p. 24.) W^hat two on the south of Mas- 
sachusetts ? Describe the Connecticut River. 

37. When Avas the Saybrook colony established? Wliy was it so called? 
Give its ori!,nn. 

38. Who were the Pequods? What united action was taken by the set- 
tlers ? Why was the action taken ? Give the result. 



30 COLONIAL HISTOKY. [1637. 



many acts, of hostility, Hartford, Windsor, and Wetlicrs- 
field, in 1637, united in declaring war against them. 
Captain Mason, Avith a force of colonists and friendly 
Indians, proceeded against the Pequods, burned their fort 
and wigwams, killed more than six hundred of their num- 
ber, and completely broke them up as a tribe. 

39. A third colony was established in Connecticut, in 
1638, called the New Haven Colony. The land was 
bought of the Indians ; and, under the guidance of The- 
ophilus Eaton and the Rev. John Davenport, a colon)^, 
remarkable for the religious spirit that marked its laws, 
was planted and flourished. 

40. In 1639, the people of Hartford, Windsor, and 
Wethersfield, finding their settlements beyond the limits 
of Massachusetts, met at Hartford, and united in forming 
a government for themselves. The colony of Saybrook 
maintained its separate existence until 1644. By its an- 
nexation in that year to the Connecticut Colony, only 
two colonies remained, which were united, in 1665, under 
a liberal royal charter granted by King Charles II., of 
England. 

41. Sir Edmund Andros, who was afterward royal gov- 
ernor of New England, in 1687 appeared before the Con- 
necticut Assembly, in session at Hartford, and demanded 
the surrender of the charter, A discussion at once arose, 
Avhich was protracted till evening, Avhen the charter was 
brought in and laid upon the table ; but just as Andros 
was stepping forward to take it, the lights were suddenly 
extinguished. When the candles were relighted, the 
document could not be found. It had been carried away 
and hid in the hollow of a tree. 



39. When was the New Haven colony established ? Give the origin of it. 
What further can von say of it V 

10. What union took place in Ifi-SO ? In 1644 ? In 160.5 ? 

•11. What ai)i)ointnient did Anuros receive? What demand did he make? 
How was Ills demand met ? 



1.636.1 COLONIAL HISTORY. 31 



EHODE ISLAND. 

42. Rhode Island was settled by Roger Williams, who 
had been banished from Massachusetts because of his de- 
nunciation of the religious intolerance practised there, as 
well as for certain opinions touching civil matters. The 
settlement was made in 1636 at Providence, on .lands pur- 
chased of the Indians, and so called by Williams to com- 
memorate " God's merciful providence to him in his dis- 
tress." The great freedom in religious matters, and the 
democratic government of the colony, caused immigrants 
to flock thither in large numbers. 

43. In 1637, William Coddington, who had been sub- 
jected to religious persecution in Boston, accepted an 
invitation from Williams, purchased from the Indians the 
island of Rhode Island, and settled there. Rather than 
admit a claim of jurisdiction set up by Plymouth, Wil- 
liams went to England, and obtained a charter whereby 
the two settlements of Rhode Island were united, in 1644, 
under one government, as the Rliode Island and Provi- 
dence Plantations. 

44. After Charles II. ascended the throne of England, 
Rhode Island, in 1663, obtained a new charter. When 
Andros assumed the government of 'New England, the 
management of afl^iirs under the charter was, for the 
time, necessarily suspended ; but directly after he was 
seized and sent to England, as elsewhere stated, the char- 
ter became the fundamental law of the colony, and was 
the only constitution of the State till 1842. 

42. Why was Eoger Williams banished from Massachusetts ? Where did he 
maki' a settlement '? When ? Why did he call the place Providence '? 

43. What did Coddington do ? Why did Williams go to England ? How did 
he succeed '? 

44. When did Rhode Island get a new charter ? Who granted it ? What can 
you state of its history "? 



32 COLONIAL HISTORY. [1643. 



MASSACHUSETTS. 

FROM THE UNIOX OF NEAV ENGLAND COLONIES, IN 1643, 
TO "the FRENCH AND INDIAN AVAR." 

45. The four colonies, Massachusetts, Plymoutli, Con- 
necticut, and New Haven, formed a union in 1643, for 
mutual protection against the encroachments of the Dutch 
and French, and for better security against the hostility 
of the Indians. This union lasted nearly fifty years. 
Rhode Island was refused admittance into it, because she 
would not consent to be incori)orated with Plymouth, and 
lose her separate existence. 

46. In 1656 a serious trouble commenced, growing out 
of the arrival in that year of a number of Quakers from 
England. They had been represented as a people of pe- 
culiar opinions and conduct, and consequently they were 
persecuted. Many were banished, four were executed, and 
others were whipped or cast into prison. The great sever- 
ity of the measures at last produced a reaction in public 
feeling; and, after five years of trouble, the Quakers Avere 
allowed to come and enjoy their opinions in peace. 

47. King Philip's War. — During the life of Massasoit, 
the treaty of friendship between him and the people of 
Plymouth was fiiithfuUy kept; but, after his death, Philip, 
commonly known as King Phili]), his son and successor, 
made war upon the colonists. It became evident to the 
Indians that the spreading settlements were fast breaking 



4.'*. What union Avaa formed in 164a? How Iodl,^ did it list? Way was not 
Rhode Island admitted to it ? 

46. What trouble commenced in IGoG ? Give an account of it. What was 
the end ? 

4 7. Who was Philip? What became evident to the Indians? What did 
thcv HOC ? What other cause of war had they ? 



1675.] COLONIAL HISTORY. 33 



up their huntiiig-grouiids ; and they saw, too, in the grow- 
ing power of the whites, their own inevitable extinction. 
Jjesides, they were burning to avenge personal wrongs. 

48. Nothing short of a union of the New England tribes 
for tlie extermination of the colonists, it was thought, 
could arrest the tide against them ; and Philip, so it was 
alleged, was the leading spirit in plotting the combina- 
tion. It is related that a converted Indian, who had been 
sent as a missionary among his people, was the principal 
informer against Philip. This man was found murdered. 
The execution by the whites of three Indians, convicted 
of the murder, may be considered as the immediate cause 
of the Avar. 

49. The first attack was made by Philip, in 1675, upon 
the people of Swan'-zey, as they were returning, one Sun- 
day, from church. Although a treaty of peace had been 
made with the Xarragansetts, they joined in the Avar 
against the Englisli. A strong force Avas sent against the 
Indians ; and, in an immense swamp in the southern part 
of Rhode Island, they Avere defeated AA^ith great loss. Yet 
they continued their depredations till the death of Philip, 
which occurred in 1676, he being shot by one of his own 
tribe. 

50. A controA'ersy Avhich had been going on for a num- 
ber of years, between the heirs of Gorges and Mason and 
the Massachusetts colony, concerning the ownership of 
Maine, Avas, in 1677, decided in faA-^or of the heirs, and 
Massachusetts then purchased their interest. Three years 
after, a separation of New IIamj:)shire from Massachusetts 



48. How, only, could the Indians look for success ? What charj:^e was made 
a^^amst Philip ? What was the immediate cause of the war? 

49. Where is Swanzey ? (Map. p. 24.) AA''hat took place there? How did 
the Narrai^ausctts act ? What defeats did the Indians meet ? Give the closing 
history of the war. 

50. What controversy was settled in 1677? How was it settled ? How did 
Massachusetts get to own Maine ? AA''hich was the first royal province in New 
England ? When was that brought ahout ? 



84 COLONIAL HISTORY. [1680, 



having been declared, the former became a royal i^rov- 
mce — the lirst in New England. 

51. The opposition which Massaclmsetts had shown to 
the " Navigation Act," and other obnoxious laws of Par- 
liament, displeased the king, Charles 11. , and he declared 
her charter void. His death occurring not long after, his 
successor, James II., pursued the same arbitrary policy, 
and, in 1686, dej^rived Massachusetts of lier charter-gov- 
ernment. In the same year Andros was appointed royal 
governor of New England. 

52. These proceedings on the part of King James ren- 
dered him so lui popular, that, when the news of the Eng- 
lish Revolution and of his dethronement reached Boston, 
in 1689, it caused great rejoicing. Andros and his offi- 
cers, whose tyranny had made them odious to the people, 
were seized and sent to England, when the New England 
colonies established their former modes of government. 

53. King Willta^m's War. — JTames fled to France, and 
AYilliam, Prince of Orange, and Mary, his wife, the eldest 
daugliter of James, were called to the English throne as 
Icing and queen of tliat country. The cause of the fugi- 
tive king was espoused by the French monarch ; and this, 
principally, led to a contest between the two powers, 
known as King William's War, in which the respective 
colonists became involved. 

51. An exj^edition, fitted out by Massachusetts, com- 
manded by Sir William Phipps, captured Port Poyal, 
now Annapolis, and secured a large amount of booty. A 
second expedition, also commanded by Phipps, for the 
conquest of Canada, proved a failure. These Avere the 

51. Why did Charles II. declare the Massachusetts charter void? What 
afterward took place? When was Andros appointed governor ? 

55i. What news reached Boston in KkS!) ? Wiiat cfl'ect did it have there? 
Whv did It have that eft'ect ? What treatment was reserved for Andros ? 

53. What was the cause of Kinoj William's War ? 

5 4. (Jive an account of Phipps's lirst expedition. Where is Annapolis? 
(Map. p. 01.) Of his second expedition. IIow lonjr did the war last? What 
was the result as regards the ownership of territory? 



1692.] COLONIAL HISTORY. 35 



most important events of the contest in America. The 
war lasted from 1689 to the peace of Ryswick {riz'-icick)^ 
in 1697, a period of about eight years. The claims to ter- 
ritory in America remained as before the war. 

5^. Salem Witchcraft. — During the war, King Wil- 
liam, refusing to restore to Massachusetts the charter 
which James II. had taken away, granted a new one, 
whicli united Plymouth, Massachusetts, Maine, and Nova 
Scotia in a royal government. Upon Phipps was con- 
ferred the office of governor. 

56. One of the first acts of the new governor was the 
formation, in 1692, of a court to try certain persons who, 
because of their real or supposed strange conduct, were 
accused of practising witchcraft. Most of the inhabitants 
of Salem and vicinity, where the accused parties lived, 
believed the accusations to be true; and, before the delu- 
sion was dispelled, twenty persons were put to death, 
more than fifty were tortured or frightened into con- 
fessing themselves guilty, and many suffered imprison- 
ment. 

57. QuEEX Anxe's War. — Upon the death of James 
II., which occurred in France, the French monarch ac- 
knowledged his son king of England. This tended to 
produce a spirit of resentment in England, where the 
crown had previously been settled upon Anne (cui)^ the 
second daughter of James. While the English were 
making preparations for war. King William died, and 
Anne became Queen of England. 

58. The interference of France in the succession to 
the English crown, in connection with other causes, led 



55. What appointment was conferred upon Phipps ? 

56. What act of Phipps is mentioned? What belief prevailed at Salem? 
Where is Salem? (See Map. p. 24.) Give an account of the " Salem Witchcraft." 

5T. Where was James II. when he died ? What action did the French king 
take ? What effect did his action have ? What followed ? 

58. What was the principal cause of Queen Anne's War? By what name is 
the war known in Europe ? Where is Nova Scotia ? (Map, p. 61.) 



36 COLONIAL HISTORY. [1702. 



to a war between England on the one side, and France 
and Spam on tlie other, which is known in America as 
Queen Anne's War ; but in Europe, is called the War 
of the Spanish Succession. Hostilities wer(3 commenced 
in 1702. 

59. The capture of Port Royal, in 1710, by a force from 
Massachusetts, after an unsuccessful attempt three years 
before, was the most important event of the war in 
America. The name of the place was changed to An- 
napolis, in honor of the English queen, and Acadia was 
annexed to the British realm. The contest continued 
about eleven years, being terminated by the treaty of 
Utrecht {u-'trekt), in 1713. 

60. KixG George's War. — A peace of nearly thirty 
years followed, which was broken, during the reign of 
George II., by King George's IVar. This contest had 
its origin in European disputes, relating, principally, to 
the kingdom of Austria, and was therefore known in Eu- 
rope as the War of the Aiistrlcui Succession. 

61. War having been declared between England and 
France in 1744, the colonists soon became involved. The 
most important event of the struggle in America Avas 
the taking of Louisburg {loo'-is-hurg)^ a fortress erected 
by the French, and which, from its strength, Avas called 
the Gibraltar of America. 

62. The capture of this place was effected in 1745, by 
.a force, mostly of Xew England troops, under William 

Pepperill, aided by an English fleet commanded by Com- 



59. When did the French finally lose Port Royal? What chancre of name 
was made? What chau<?e in. ownership of territory took place ? How Ion" 
did the war last? " 

60. How did Kini^ Geor<?e's War originate ? What other name did the war 
have ? Why was it so called ? 

61. When was war declared? What is stated of Louisburg? Where is 
Louisburg? (See Map. p. (il.) 

62. When did tlie English capture it ? Give an account of the capture. 
"When did the war end? How did it result as regards ownership of territory? 
Who, then, owned Louisburg? 



1145.] COLONIAL HISTORY. 37 



modore Warren. The contest was terminated by the 
treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle {akes lah sha-pet^^ in 1V48, by 
which all acquisitions of territory, made during the war, 
were mutually restored. 



NEW YOEK 



63. Henry Hudson, an English navigator, while sailing 
in the service of " The Dutch East India Company," in 
1609, discovered the river which now bears his name. 
His object was to find a northwest passage to the Pacific 
Ocean ; in pursuance of which he sailed up the river to 
the liead of ship navigation, and, in a small boat, continued 
his explorations some miles further. 

64. The Dutch, claiming that Hudson's discoveries 
gave them a title to the country, in 1614 built a fort on 
Man-hat'-tan Island. Their claim to territory included 
the whole region from Cape Cod to the southern shore 
of Delaware Bay. This became known as New Neth'-er- 
lands, though the name was more generally applied to 
only that part actually in possession of the Dutch. 

65. The colonization of the country did not commence 
until 1623. In that year, under the auspices of a new 
organization, known as " The Dutch West India Com- 
pany," two settlements were made — one on Manhattan 
Island, called New Amsterdam, and the other at Albany, 
called Fort Orange. The company, to encourage emi- 

63. Who was Henry Hudson ? What river did he discover? What was he 
trying: to do when he discovered the river '? How much of the river did lie ex- 
plore ? 

64. What claim to territory did the Dutch make ? What was their title to 
the claim ? What name did tliey give to the territory claimed by them ? What 
States are now included in the territory so claimed ? [See Profiressive Map. No. 
3.) Where did the Dutch build a fort in l(il4 ? By what name is Manhattan 
Island now jjeneraily known ? Ans. New York Island. 

65. When did the Dutch be"in to coloni^.e New Netherlands ? Where were 



COLONIAL HISTORY. 



[1623. 




'^"'""p-^.^ji 



NEW YORK _ ^J^^^ ti m^ 



Ben'rung 



gratioii, offered a large tract of land and certain privi- 
leges to every individual who would form a settlement 
of fifty persons. 

66. The first Dutch governor was Peter Min'-u-its ; tlie 
second, Wout'-er Van Twil'-ler; the third, Sir William 
Kieft {l<^eeft) ; and the fourth and last, Peter Stuyvesant 
{stl'-ve-sant). Kieft, who was haughty and unscrupulous, 
involved the colony in a strife with the Swedes on the 
Delaware, and the English on the Connecticut. He also. 



settlements made that year? What Avas Albany then called ? What offers were 
marie to induce persons to settle in New Netherlands? 

60. Who was the first Dutch oovernor of New Netherlands ? The second ? 
The liiird? The fourth ? What canyon say of Kieffs character ? Of his acts? 

Map (^rKSTit)Ns.— Wliat country is on the north of New York State? What 
States on tlie east ? What, on the south ? Describe the Hudson Eiver. What 
is New Amsterdam now called? Ans. New York. How is New York city 
eituated ? Albanv? 



1GG4.] COLONIAL HISTORY. 



l)y his iiilniman coiKliict^ brought on a disastrous war with 
the Indians. 

67. Tlie rule of Stuyvesant was vigorous, though often 
arbitrary. lie conciliated the Indians, agreed to a west- 
ern boundary for Connecticut, and gained by conquest 
the Swedish territory in Delaware. But a new danger 
appeared. In 1664, Charles II., of England, disregard- 
ing the claims of the Dutch, granted to his brother, the 
.Duke of York, the whole region from the Connecticut 

Kiver to Delaware Bay ; and a fleet, under Colonel 
Nicolls, was sent to take possession of the country. 

68. When the fleet appeared before New Amsterdam, 
the people, lioi)ing to enjoy more freedom under English 
rule, determined at once to surrender ; but Stuyvesant 
lield out until the town was actually in possession of the 
English. Nicolls was the first English governor. The 
province, as well as New Amsterdam, was called New 
York ; and Fort Orange received the name of Albany. 
In leVS, during a war between England and Holland, the 
Dutch regained their former possessions ; but after a pe- 
riod of fifteen months, returned them to the English. 
Andros was then appointed governor. 

6!). In 1741 several incendiary fires occurred in the city 
of New York, and a house was robbed by slaves. Wit- 
nesses testified that the negroes had conspired to burn the 
city, murder the inhabitants, and set up a government of 
tlieir own. An intense excitement followed ; and before 
it was allayed more than thirty persons, condemned as 
having been engaged in the alleged plot, were executed, 
and others were transported. A plot of some kind there 



67- What is paid of Stuyvesant's rule ? What did he accomplish ? What 
grant was made in lt)(i4'? Did King Charles do ri<i:ht ? Upon what did he base 
his claim to the territory? Ani^. The discoveries and explorations of the Cabots. 

68. Give an account of the surrender of New Netherlands. Who was the 
first English governor ? What changes In names were made ? What is the sub-^ 
eeqnent history of New Netherlands as a Butch province? 

09. What occurred in 1741 ? State what foUowea. 



40 GOLOXIAL HISTORY. [1622. 

may have been, though it is certain the accounts of it 
were greatly exaggerated, and many innocent persons 
suffered. 



NEW JEKSEY. 



70. The Dutch, who included New Jersey in the jorov- 
ince of New Netherlands, established a trading-post at 
Bergen as early as 1622, and built a fort on the Dela- 
ware; but the settlement of ElizabethtoMii, now Eliza- 
beth, in 1664, by emigrants from Long Island, is consid- 
ered as the beginning of colonization in New Jersey. 

71. In 1664, before the settlement of Elizabethtown, the 
Duke of York, to whom Charles II. had granted New 
Netherlands, sold New Jersey to Lord Berkeley and Sir 
George Carteret. The liberal offers at first made to emi- 
grants induced many to settle. After the Dutch, as else- 
where related, had, for the second time, relinquished New 
Netherlands, the whole territory was again granted to the 
Duke of York. 

72. The duke, in total disregard of the rights of Berke- 
ley and Carteret, appointed Andros governor over the 
entire reunited province, but afterward agreed to restore 
New Jersey to the i-ightful proprietors. Notwithstand- 
ing this promise, he repeatedly interfered with the rights 
of Berkeley and Carteret. 

73. Berkeley sold his interest in New Jersey to an 
English Quaker; and, in 1682, the whole territory be- 
came, by purchase, the property of William Penn and 
other Quakers. In 1702, the proprietors surrendered 

70. What tmdinff settlement did the Dutch make ? Where is Bergen ? (Map, 
p. 43.) Where, in New Jers^e^^ did they build a fort? When was Elizabeth 
settled * What is considered as reirards that settlement ? Where is Elizabeth y 
(Map. p. 43.) Where is Lone: Island ? (Map. p. 29.) 

1 1 . To whom did Charles II. 2-ive "New Jersey ? To whom did the Duke sell 
it? When did the duke get a second grant of it? 

72. Of what wrong was the duke guilty ? And afterward of what wrong « 



1624.1 COLOMIAL HISTORY. 41 

their powers of government to the Crown, when New Jer- 
sey became a royal province, united to New York. In 
1738, the connection was severed, and from that time New 
Jersey had a government of its own. 



MAEYLAND. 



T4. By the second charter granted to the London Com- 
])any, the limits of Virginia embraced all the territory 
which afterward formed the States of Maryland, Virginia, 
and North Carolina ; but, by the dissolution of the com- 
pany in 1624, the whole region became the property of 
the Crown. In 1631, William Clay -borne obtained a 
license from Charles I. to traffic with the Indians ; and, 
under this authority, a trading-post was established on an 
island in Chesapeake Bay, and another at the mouth of 
the Susquehanna. 

75. Influenced by a desire to provide an asylum for 
Catholics, then persecuted in England, Sir George Cal'- 
vert, a Roman Catholic nobleman, whose title was Lord 
Baltimore, applied for a charter to establish a colony in 
America. The king, Charles I., readily agreed to make 
the grant, but before the document received the royal 
seal, Calvert died. It was then issued to Ce'-cil Calvert, 
son of Sir George, who, by the death of his father, in- 
herited the title of Lord Baltimore. 

73. To Avhom did Berkeley sell his interest in New Jersey? How was New 
Jersey afterward divided ? Ans. Into East Jersey and West Jersey, Carteret 
owning the former. Give the subsequent colonial historv of New Jersey. 

Map Questions.— (p. 53.) What States are on the South of New York ? On 
the south of Pennsylvania? What river separates Maryland from Viro^inia ? 
What lar«re bay divides Maryland ? What large river flows into it from the 
north? Where was St. Mary's situated? 

74 What license was g-ranted to Clayborne ? Where did Clayborne establish 
tradinij-posts ? 

75. Who was George Calvert? What great desire did he have? For what 
did he apply ? With what success ? To whom was the grant then made ? 



4:2 COLONL\L HISTOKY. [163 4. 

76. This charter was the most liberal one, in every 
respect, that had thus far been granted by the Englisli 
Crown, for by it equality in religious rights and civil 
freedom were guaranteed to all emigrants. The province 
was called Maryland, in honor of Henrietta Maria, v.'ifc 
of King Charles. 

77. The first body of emigrants sent by Lord Baltimore 
consisted of about two hundred persons, mostly Roman 
Catholics. They arrived in 1634, and at once commenced 
a settlement, which they anticipated would become a 
great city, calling it St. Mary's. Leonard Calvert, brother 
of the proprietor, was the first governor. 

78. Clayborne, who had refused to submit to tlie au- 
thority of the governor, in 1G45 incited a rebellion, which 
compelled Calvert to seek safety for a time in Virginia. 
After the governor resumed his office, the Assembly 
enacted a law known as the " Toleration Act," which 
secured the free exercise of religious opinions to all per- 
sons professing belief in Jesus Christ. Thus did the 
right promised by the charter receive the sanction of law. 

79. During the supremacy of Cromwell in England, 
Parliament appointed commissioners to administer the 
ficovernment of the colonv. The Protestants o-ainino; a 
majority in the Assembly, the Catholics were deprived of 
their rights as citizens, and an act was passed declaring 
them not entitled to the protection of the laws. A civil 
war between the Catholics and the Protestants followed. 
After Cromwell's death, the rights of Lord Baltimore 
were restored to him. 

80. Upon the death of Cecil Calvert, his son Charles 
became the proprietor of the province, of which he retained 

76. What was the character of the charter? What name was Lriven to the 
province ? Why was it so named ? 

77. Did Lord Baltimore iro to America? Wliom did he send? When and 
where did they make a settlement ? 

78. Oive an account of " Clayborne's Rebellion." Of the " Toleration Act." 

79. Give an account of the civil war. Of after events. 



1715.] 



COLONIAL HISTOKY. 



possession until deprived of it by King William, in 1691. 
In 1715 the proprietor's rights were restored to his infant 
heir, the fourth Lord Baltimore, and ^Faryland remained 
a proj^rietary government from that time till the lie vo- 
lution. 



PENNSYLVANIA 



j UPPER PART OP 
I NEW JERSEY 
"WITiT VICINITY' Oy < 

PHILADELPHIA ^ ^ 




81. Actuated by a desire to found a colony where civil 
and religious liberty would be enjoyed, and Avliere the 



80. Of what injustice was Kin^? William guilty? What further accouut 
can von cive of Marvlaiul '? 

Map Questions.— What river seiiarates New Jersey from Pennsylvania '/ 
How IS Philadelphia situated V Trenton ? Tiniciim Island ? 



•44 CJL02«iIAL HISTORY. [1682. 



people might dwell together in peace, William Penii ob- 
tained from Charles U. a tract of land Avest of the Dela- 
ware. The domain thus granted w^as called Pennsylvania. 
From the Duke of York, Penn also obtained a grant of 
Delaware, then called "The Territories," or "The Three 
Lower Counties on the Delaware." 

82. Though small settlements of Swedes had been pre- 
viously made Avithin the limits of botli Pennsylvania and 
DelaAvare, the permanent settlement of Pennsylvania dates 
from the founding of Philadelphia in 1G82, by Penn. Af- 
ter several conferences Avith tlie Indians, he met them 
beneath a Avide-spreading ehn, at a place noAV called Ken- 
sington, a portion of Philadelpliia, Avhere he made his 
famous treaty Avith the " red men," and paid them for 
their lands. This treaty Avas " ncA'er SAVorn to and never 
broken," 

83. To the Swedes on the DelaAvare, Penn gaA'e assur- 
ance that they should not be molested in their religion or 
laws. The wisdom of his course toward the Swedes and 
Indians, as well as of his government in general, Avas soon 
apparent ; for the colony had a more rapid and peaceful 
growth than any other in America. 

84. Upon the death of Penn, which occurred in Eng- 
land in 1718, he left his American possessions to his sons. 
They administered the goA^ernment, most of the time by 
deputies, until the Revolution, Avhen their claims Avere 
purchased by the commouAvealth of Pennsyh'ania. 

81. AA^hat great desire did AVilliam Penn have? AA'hat did he obtain from 
the king ? From the Duke of York ? 

82. When was Philadelphia founded? By whom had Pennsj'lvania been 
previously settled ? By whom Delaware ? AVhat barsjain did Penn make with 
the Indians ? Where did Penn make his famous treaty ? What is said of the 
treaty ? 

83. What assurance did Penn give to the Swedes? What is said of the 
growth of the colony ? To what was the growth attributed ? 

84. Where and when did Penn die? Give the further history of Pennsyl- 



1G3S.] COLONIAL HISTORY. 45 



DELAWAEE. 

85. The settlement of Delaware may be said to have 
had its origin in the desire of Gus-ta'-vus Adolphus, the 
renowned king of Sweden, to found a free colony in the 
New World for ail persecuted Christians. His death 
occurring before the project was undertaken, a delay of 
several years followed ; but finally a charter Avas granted 
by the government of that country to the Swedish West 
India Company. 

86. In 1638 a body of emigrants, sent out by the com- 
pany under the care of Minuits, a former governor of 
New Netherlands, arrived at Cape Hen-lo'-pen. Having 
purchased of the Indians all the lands from the cape to 
the falls in the Delaware at Trenton, they commenced a 
settlement on Chris-ti-an'-a Creek, near the present site 
of Wilmington. To the country thus piurchased was 
given the name of New Sweden. 

87. Other settlements were formed, but the one on 
Tin'-i-cum Island, a few miles below Philadelphia, was 
made the capital. The Dutch, regarding these settle- 
ments as intrusions upon their territory of New Nether- 
lands, Governor Stuyvesant proceeded against the Swedes, 
in 1655, and subjected them to the authority of Holland, 
which government retained possession of the country till 
1664. 

85. What was the origin of the settlement of Delaware ? What further can 
you state of the project ? 

86. What territory was called New Sweden? By whom was it so called? 
Where did the Swedes first settle ? Where is Wilmington ? (Map, p. 5.3.) What 
two capes are at the entrance of Delaware Bay? 

87. What is stated of Tinicum and other settlements ? Give an account of 
the subjugation of New Sweden. 



COLONIAL HISTOEY. 



[1682. 



88. During tlie period from 1664 to 1682, Delaware, 
being claimed by tlie Duke of York, formed a part of the 
province of New York. By the grant to Penn, in 1682, 
it was united to Pewnsylvania ; and, although the settlers 
in " The Territories" became dissatisfied witli Penn's gov- 
ernment, and Avere granted an Assembly of their own, 
Pennsylvania and Delaware continued under one governor 
until the Revolution. 



NOETH AND SOUTH CAEOLINA. 



"IT T H 







88. What is said in connection with the claim of the Duke of York? What 
further account can you cive of DelaAvare ? (See p. 39.) 

Map Qukptions.— WJiat State is on the s^outh of \'iririnia ? On the south of 
North Carolina? On the west of Simth Carolina? What body of Avater on the 
east of the two Carolinas ? Describe the Chowan River. Where is Edenton ? 
Wilmington ? Charleston ? The Savannah River ? 



1650.J COLONIAL HISTORY. 47 



89. The earliest attempts to settle North Carolina, as 
before described, were made by parties sent by Raleigh 
in 1585 and 1587. More than sixty years later, probably 
in 1650, emigrants from Virginia made a settlement upon 
the Cho-wan' River, near the present village of E'-den-ton. 

90. In 1663 a vast territory, south of Virginia, was 
granted by Charles II. to Lord Clar '-en-don and seven 
other noblemen of England ; and, in the same year, a 
government was instituted over the settlement on the 
Chowan, which was called " Tlie Albemarle County 
Colony." Two years later a second colony was planted 
in North Carolina. A company from Barbadoes (bar-ba- 
doz) selected a place near AVilmington, and there estab- 
lished " The Clarendon County Colony." 

91. It having been discovered that the settlement on 
the Chowan was outside of the limits of the domain 
granted to Clarendon and associates, a new grant was 
made to the same parties, by which the boundaries were 
extended so as to embrace the country from Virginia to 
about the middle of Florida. 

92. In 1670, a colony, known as " The Carteret County 
Colony,"- was planted on the western bank of the Ashley 
River ; this, in consequence of not being well located for 
commercial facilities, was removed, ten years after, to 
the junction of the Cooper and Ashley rivers, and thus 
the foundation of Charleston was laid. In 1729, Carolina 
was sold to the king of England, and separated into North 
and South Carolina. From that time till the Revolution 
they were royal provinces. 

89. Which were the earliest attempts made to settle North Carolina ? What 
settlement was made in IfiSO ? 

90. Give the early history of "The Albemarle County Colony." Of "The 
Clarendon County Colony." What grant was made in 16(5;S? 

91. What discovery was made ? What then was done ? 

92. When was " Old Charleston" settled ? Why was a removal made ? When 
was Charleston settled ? How is Charleston situated ? (Map, p. 73.) Describe 
the Cooper River. The Ashley River. What occurred in 1789 ? 



48 COLONIAL HrsTOUy. [1732. 



GEORGIA. 

93. Though Spain claimed the territory of Georgia as a 
part of Florida, the English king, George II., disregarded 
the claim; and, in 1732, granted to a corporation, consist- 
ing of James Oglethorpe {o'-gl-thoiy) and twenty other 
trustees, for twenty-one years, all the country between 
the Savannah and the Altamaha {cd-ta-ma-Juiio'). In 
honor of the king it was called Georgia. The object of 
the trustees was to provide an asylum for their destitute 
countrymen, the grant being " in trust for the poor." 

94. The first settlement was made in 1733, at Savannah. 
The colony made rapid increase in numbers ; but, owing 
to the poverty and idle habits of the settlers, as also to 
the impolitic regulations of the trustees, the bright antici- 
pations of plenty and comfort which had been entertained 
were not, for a time, realized. 

95. In consequence of the claim to territory set up by 
Spain, hostilities took place between the English settlers 
and their Spanish neighbors. Owing, however, to the 
bravery and skill of Oglethorpe, the result was to the ad- 
vantage of the English. The trustees governed till 1752, 
when, wearied with their troublesome charge, they sur- 
rendered their charter to the Crown, and Georgia became 
a royal province. 

93. What £?rant was made in 1T32? What distinguished person wa-s horn in 
that year? Any;. Georcre Washincjton. Descrihe the Altamaha River. (Map, p. 
174.) The Savannah. Why was Georgia so called? V/hat object did Oglethorpe 
and associates have ? 

94. When was the first settlement made in Georgia? At Avhat place ? 
What is stated of the progress of the colony? 

95 What hostilities occurred? How "did thevend? IIow long did the 
trnstoes trovern ? What then did they do ? What Aillowed ' 

Map Questions. -(Map, p 4(;.) IIow is Edonton situated? Charleston? 
Savannah? Wilmington? Name eight rivers of North Carolina. What river 
is Ijetween South Carolina and Georgia ? 



COLONIAL HISTORY. 49 



CHRONOLOGICAL RECAPITULATION. 

1607. Yirginia was settled at Jamestown. 

1609. Tlie Hudson River was discovered by Henry Hudson. 

1610. The " Starving Time" prevailed in Virginia. 
1618. The marriage of Pocahontas occurred. 
1614. Smith explored the coast of New England. 

New York was settled by the Dutch. 

1620. Negro slavery was introduced into Virginia. 
The Council of Plymouth received a grant. 
Massachusetts was settled by the Pilgrims at Plymouth. 

1621. A treaty Mas made with Massasoit. 

1622. The first Indian massacre in A^iiginia occurred. 

1623. New Hampshire was settled at Little Hai'bor and Dover. 
The Dutch began to colonize New York. 

1628. A settlement was made at Salem by Endicott. 

1630. A settlement was made at Boston by Winthrop. 

1633. Connecticut was settled at Windsor by Holmes. 

1634. Maryland was settled at St. Mary's. 

1635. The Saybrook Colony, Connecticut, was established. 

1636. Rhode Island was settled at Providence by Williams. 

1637. The Pequod War, in Connecticut, occurred. 

1638. Delaware was settled near Christiana Creek l)y the Swedes. 
The New Haven Colony was established. 

1639. Settlements on the Connecticut united as the Conn. Colony. 

1643. A union of New England colonies Avas formed. 

1644. The Connecticut and Saybrook colonies were united. 
The Second Indian Massacre in Virginia occuried. 

The two settlements of Rhode Island united, forming R. I. 

1645. Clayb<H"ne's Rebellion in Maryland occurred. 

1650. North Carolina was settled on the Chowan River. 

1651. The Navigation Act was passed by Parliament. 

1655. A civil war in Mar3dand occurred. 

New Sweden was conquered by Stuyvesant. 

1656. The Quakers, in IMassachusetts, Avere persecuted. 

1663. Carolina was granted to Clarendon and others. 
The Albemarle County Colony was established. 

1664. New Netherlands was taken by the English and named N. Y. 

3 



50 COLONIAL HISTOKY. 

1664. New Jersey was settled at Elizabethtown (now Elizal^etb). 

1665. The Clarendon County Colony was established. 

The Connecticut and Kew Haven colonies were united, 
1670. South Carolina was settled on the Ashley River, 
1673. Virginia was ceded to Culpepper and Arlington. 
1675. King Pliilip's war began by an attack at Swanzey. 
167^5. Bacon's Rebellion broke out in Virginia. 
1680. The settlement at Charleston, South Carolina, was begun. 

New Hampshire became a separate royal province (first time). 
1682. Pennsylvania was settled at Philadelphia by William Penu. 

The Duke of York granted Delaware to William Penn. 

1686. Audros was appointed royal govei-nor of New England. 

1687. The Connecticut Charter was hid in the '' Charter Oak." 

1689. Andros was seized and sent to England. 
King William's War began. 

1690. Port Royal was captured by the English under Phipps. 
1692. The Salem Witchcraft delusion prevailed. 

1697. The treaty of Ryswick ended King ^Villiam's War. 

1702. Queen Anne's War began. 

1710. Port Royal was captured. (a second time) bv the English. 

1713. The treaty of Utrecht ended Queen Anne's War. 

1729. Carolina was separated into North and South Carolina. 

1732. Washington was born in Virginia, February 22d. 

1733. Georgia was settled at Savannah. 

1741. New Hampshire became a separate royal province (last time). 

1744. King George's War began. 

1745. Louisburg was taken by the English. 

1748. The treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle ended King George's War. 
1752. Georgia became a royal province. 



PAGE 

1. Give the history of Virginia under the first charter 18, 19 

2. Give the history under the second charter 19, 20 

3. State what you can of Pocahontas 19, 21 

4. Give the history of Virginia under the tliird charter 21, 22 

5. Give an account of Bacon's Rebellion V. 22, 23 

6. State all you can in relation to Captain John Smith 18-23 

7. All, in relation to the Council of Plymouth 24, 27, 28, 29 

8. In relation to the pilgrims before they came to America 24, 25 

9. Give an account of their movements from Holland to America 25 

10. When and where did they make their settlement ? 25, 26 



BEVIEW QUESTIONS. 51 



PAGE 

11. Give their early liistory at Plymouth 26 

12. What can you state of the treaty made with Massasoit ? 26, 32 

13. Give the early history of the Massachusetts Bay Colony 26 

14. Give the history of the founding of Harvard College 27 

15. Whence did Massachusetts derive its name ? Ans. From the name of 

a tribe of Indians. 

10. Give an account of the settlement of New Hampshire 27 

17. Give the subsequent colonial history of New Hampshire 28, 33, 34 

IS. How did New Hampshire get its name ? Ans. It was so called by John 

Mason, who lived in Hampshire county,Eugland. 

19. Give an account of the first settlement of Connecticut 2S 

20. Give the history of the Saybrook Colony 29, 30 

21 . Give an account of the Pequod War.i^ 29, 30 

22. Give the history of the New Haven Colony 30 

23. State how Andros was foiled in his attempt to get the Conn. Charter. . 30 

24. Whence did Connecticut get its name? Ans. From tlae name of its 

principal river, which the Indians called the Connecticut. The word 
signifies (he long rimr. 

25. Give an account of Williams's settlement of Rhode Island 31 

2(5. Give an account of Coddington's settlement of Rhode Island 31 

27. Give the subsequent colonial history of Rhode Island 31 

28. How did Rhode Island get its name? Ans. It (the island) was "so 

called from a fancied resemblance to the island of Rhodes.'' Another 
authority says: that in consequence of the reddish appearance of 
the island, it " was soon known by the Dutch as Roode. or Red 
Island. From this is derived the name of the island and state." 
20. Give an account of the Union of New England colonies 32 

30. Give an account of the persecution of the Quakers 32 

31. Give an account of King Philip's Vfar . i^-' 32, 33 

32. Give an account of King William's War .W^ 34, 35 

33. Give an account of Queen Anne's War. ^. 35, 36 

34. Give an account of King George's War. .V' .' 36, 37 

35. Give an account of the settlement of New York 37, 38 

36. What can you state of Kieft and his administration 38, 39 

37. What can you state of Stuyvesant and his administration 39, 45 

38. Give the subsequent colonial history of New York 39, 40 

39. Why was New York so called ? Ans. In compliment to the Duke of 

York, to whom it had been granted. 

40. Give an account of the settlement of New Jersey 40 

41. Give the subsequent colonial history of New Jersey 49, 41 

42. Why was New Jersey so called ? Ans. In honor of Sir George Carteret, 

who had been governor of the island of Jei'sey. 

43. Give an account of the settlement of Maryland 41, 42 

44. Give the history of Clayborne's Rebellion . \t^: 41, 42 

45. What is said of the charter granted to Maryland ? 42 

46. What is said of the Maryland Toleration Act ? 42 

47. What were the causes of the civil war in Maryland ? 42 

48. Give the subsequent colonial history of Maryland 42, 43 

49. Why was Mai-yland so called ? 42 

50. Give an account of the first settling of Pennsvlvania 43, 44 



52 REVIEW QUESTIONS. 

PAGE 

51. What induced William Penn to form a colony ? 43, 44 

52. W^hat two tracts of land did Penn get ? 44 

53. Give the history of their conversion to him 44 

54. What were the important events of 1682 '? 44, 50 

55. State what j'ou can of Penn's treaty with the Indians 44 

50. Of his treatment of the Swedes, and of his government 44 

57. Give the subsequent colonial history of Pennsylvania 44 

58. How did Pennsylvania get its name ? Ans. The word sylva means a 

wood or forest. William Penn, thinking that sylvania Avould be an 
appropriate name for a laud covered with forest, suggested it for his 
territory. The prefix Penn was put to the word, in honor, as the 
king said, of'Pcnn's father. 

59. When and by whom was Delaware settled ? 45 

60. What had Adolphus done in relation to the settlement ? 45 

61. Name two important events of 1G3S , 49 

62. What was accomplished in New Sweden that year ? 45 

63. Give an account of Stuyvesan*-"s expedition against the Swedes ... 45 

64. Give the subsequent colonial history of Delaware 46 

65. Name, in order, ten important events from 1607 to 1021 49 

66. Name, in order, ten important events from 1022 to 1637 49 

67. Name, in order, ten important events from 1038 to 1651 49 

68. Give an account of the attempts to settle Roanoke Island 14, 15, 16 

69. Give the history of the Albermarle County Colony 47 

70. Give the history of the Clarendon County Colony 47 

71. Give the history of the Carteret County Colony 47 

72. State how North and South Carolina derived their names 13, 47 

73. Give the closing colonial history of the two Carolinas 47 

74. Name, in order, ton important events from 1655 to 1670 49, 50 

75. Name, in order, ten important events from 1673 to 1689 50 

76. Why was Georgia so called ? 48 

77. Give the history of the settlement of Georgia 48 

78. Give an account of the subsequent colonial progress of Georgia 48 

79. Name, in order, ten important events from 1682 to 1702 50 

80. Name, in order, ten important events from 1710 to 1752 50 

. 81. How many colonies have you learned the history of? 18-48 

82. Give their name^ in the order of their settlement 49, 50 

83. Give their names in their geographical order, beginning with New 

Hampshire (Progressive Map, No. 2). 

84. Which of them were settled by the English ? 18-48 

85. Which were settled by other nations than the English ? 18-48 

80. Which offered asylums for persecuted Christians ? 18— 18 

87. Which were settled because of religious persecutions ? 1S-4S 

88. Give the date and place of settlement of each. (Table, end of history.) 

89. Give the name of the most prominent man in the settlement of each . . 18-4S 

90. State what Indian troubles occurred in each 18-39 

91. Name the colonies of which Andros was governor 18-40 

92. Name nine events belonging to the history of Vn-ginia 49, 50 

93. Name ten belonging to the history of Massachusetts 49, 50 

94. Name five events belonging to the history of New Hampshire 49, 50 

95. Name four events belonging to the history of New York 49 



THE FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR. 



53 




THE FllENCH AND INDIAN WAB. [1748. 



SECTION III. 
The French and Indian Weir. 

1. Altlioiioh the boundaries between the British and 
French possessions in America had been, for more than a 
quarter of a century, a subject of dispute, the treaty of 
Aix-hi-Ciiapelle, made in 1748, left tliem still undefined. 

2. The English, basing their title u])on the discoveries 
made by the Cabots, laid claim to all the territory from 
Newfoundland to Florida, extending from the Atlantic to 
the Pacific. The French claimed all the interior portioii 
adjacent to the rivers St. Lawrence and Mississippi and 
their tributaries, upon the ground that they had explored 
and occupied it ; and, the better to secure tliis claim, they 
erected forts at various places through the region. 

3. In consequence of these conflicting claims, a war 
broke out between England and her colonies, with a few 
Indians, on the one side, and France and her colonies, 
laro-ely aided by the Indians, on the other, which is known 
as " The French and Indian War." It was a contest for 
tc^rritory and dominion in America. 

4. Events op 1753. — At the time of the breaking out 
of tlie war, there was in existence an organization, known 

Map Question:?.— (Map. p. 53.) What river is the outlet of Lake Ontario? 
What, the outlet ot Lake Erie ? What are the head branches of the Ohio ? De- 
<;cribe the Alleghanj-. The Monongahela. The Moliawk. Where is Williams- 
bui-i4- ? Crowii Point? Albany? Fort Edward ? Montreal'? Ticonderoga ? 
Lake George ? Lake Champlain ? Kittanning ? Where was Fort Venango i 
Fort Le Boeuf ? Fort Duquesue i Fort Necessity ? Fort Niagara ? Fort Wm. 
Henry ? Fort Frontenac ? 

i. When was the treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle made? What dispute did that 
treaty leave unfinished ? .,.-,., .^ , ^u 

2' What territory did the English claim ? By what right did they make the 
claim ? What claim did the French set up ? What was the basis of their claim i 
.4?^N\ That which exploration and occupancy gave. , . . ^., 

3. To what did the conflicting claims lead ? What was the object of the con- 



1753.] THE FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR. 55 



as the Ohio Company, which had obtained from the king 
of Enghind a grant of land on and near the Ohio River, 
for the purpose of carrying on the fur-trade with the In- 
dians, and of settling the country. 

5. The French having seized three British traders, and 
also built forts on the land of the Ohio Company, Gov- 
ernor Din-wid'-die, of the Virginia colony, determined to 
send a letter to their commander, remonstrating against 
the aggressive acts. This message was intrusted to 
George Washington, a young man not then twenty-two 
years of age. 

6. Washington set out on his mission on the last day 
of Oct., 1753, from Williamsburg, then the capital of Vir- 
ginia. He had before him a difficult and dangerous jour- 
ney of four hundred miles, more than half of which was 
through a wilderness inhabited by hostile Indians. Hav- 
ing reached Fort Ve-nan'-go, he was conducted thence 
to Fort Le Boeuf {huf), Avhere he found the French com- 
mander, St. Pierre {^pe-dre^, 

7. Events of 1754. — After an absence of eleven weeks, 
during which he encountered severe hardships amid snow, 
icy floods, and hostile Indians, Washington delivered to 
Dinwiddle St. Pierre's letter in reply. In it St. Pierre 
stated that he was acting under orders from Du Quesne 
{doo-kane')^ governor of Canada, and that he could not 
leave the territory. This document and the report made 
by Washington of warlike preparation which he had seen 
during his journey, convinced tlie English that, if they 
would secure possession of the region on and near the 
Ohio, they must act without delay. 



4. What can you state of the formation of the Ohio Company ? 

5. What message was sent to the French? What part was assigned to 
Washington? Wlien and where was Washington l)oni ? Ans. In Virginia, on 
the 22d of February. 1732. 

6. Give an account of Washington's journey to Le Ba?uf. 

7. Of his journey back to Williamsburg. What reply did he bring? Of 
what were the English convinced ? What produced tliut conviction ? 



56 THE FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR. [1T54. 

8. At the confluence of the Alleghany and Monongahela 
rivers, the Ohio Company commenced the construction 
of a fort ; and a body of troops, of which Washington 
became the commander, was sent to protect the works. 
Before, however, he had time to reach the j^lace, a party 
of French and Indians suddenly appeared and took pos- 
session. The works were then completed, and called Fort 
Duquesne. 

9. Receivhig intelligence of the disaster, and that a 
strong force Avas marching to intercept him, Washington 
fell back, and took a position at a place called the Great 
Meadows. Here word came to him that a small detach- 
ment of the French had advanced to within a few miles of 
his position, where they were skulking, evidently with 
hostile intent. With the determination of forestalling 
their design, he sallied forth, came upon them by surprise, 
and, in the contest that followed, 28th of May, 1754, killed 
or captured all but one. 

10. In little more than a month after, a force of fif- 
teen hundred French and Indians, commanded by Do 
Villiers {vll-le-dre), made an attack upon a small fort 
which Washington had constructed and named Fort 
Necessity. A brave defence often hours was made, but, 
on the morning of the 4th of July, Washington w^as com- 
pelled to surrender, though upon condition that he and 
the garrison should be permitted to return to Virginia. 

11. Events of 1755. — Four expeditions, on the part of 
the English, were planned for 1755 ; namely, against 
Xova Scotia, Crown Point, Fort Niagara, and Fort Du- 
quesne. The one against Nova Scotia was commanded 
by Col. Monckton {monh'-tnn). Tavo forts there Avere 

8. What, measures were then taken against the French? What follo-wo;!? 
AVhat name was ,<,Mven to the fort ? 

9. What conr^e di«1 Washington then pursue? Give an account of the con- 
test that took place. AAHierc were the Great Meadows ? (Map, p. 53.) 

10. Give an account of the battle of Fort Necessity. 

1 1 . What expeditions were jjlanned for 1755 ? Give an account of the first. 



1755.] THE FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR. 57 

captured in June ; a beautiful and fertile country was 
reduced to a solitude ; and the inhabitants by thousaiids 
were driven on board the English ships, and scattered 
among the colonists of New England and other places. 

12. Gen. Brad'-dock, wdio had been sent to America as 
commander-in-chief of the royal forces, headed the expe- 
dition against Duquesne. Disregarding the suggestions 
of Washington, who was acting as his aid-de-camp, he fell 
into an ambush of French and Indians, July the 9th, 
when within a few miles of the fort, and was defeated with 
great loss, he himself being mortally wounded. This con- 
flict is known as the battle of the Mo-non-ga-he'-la. 

13. The expedition against Niagara was also a failure. 
Gov. Shir'-ley, who commanded it, advanced as far as 
Oswego ; but the defeat of Braddock paralyzed his ef- 
forts, his Indian allies deserted, and finally the enterprise 
was abandoned. Leaving garrisons for two new forts 
which had been commenced, Shirley returned to Albany. 

14. To Gen. Johnson had been confided the expedition 
against Crown Point. He was preceded by Gen. Ly'-man, 
who, at the " carrying place" between the Hudson and 
Lake George, constructed Fort Edward. Johnson ad- 
vanced as far as the head of the lake, and, while encamped 
there, his Indian scouts brought w^ord that two thousand 
French and Indians were marching to attack Fort Ed- 
ward. Dieskau {de-es-Jxo') ^ commanding this force, had 
made his way from JVIontreal. 

15. Losing no time, Johnson sent Col. Williams, with 
twelve hundred men, two hundred of whom were Indians, 
to intercept the enemy. But Dieskau changed his plan. 
As he approached the fort, Sept. 8th, liis Indian allies, 

12. Of the expedition airainst Duc(nePne. What battle was fought? 

1 3. Give an account of the expedition against Niagara. 

14. How was the expedition against Crown Point undei'taken? Where did 
Johnson encamp ? W^hat word did he receive ? 

15. What detachment did he send? Why did Dieskau change his plan? 
What followed ? 

3* 



58 THE FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR. [1756. 



fearful of its cannon, refused to proceed. Then, taking 
anotlier direction, to surprise the army at the lake, he 
drew the forces of Williams into an ambush, and routed 
them with fearful slaughter, pursuing the fugitives to 
Johnson's camp. 

16. From behind a breastwork of trees, Johnson fired 
upon his assailants ; but he receiving a wound early in the 
action, the defence was continued by Lyman, and finally 
turned into an attack. The French and their allies were 
defeated ; and Dieskau, incurably wounded, was made a 
prisoner. Johnson, after erecting Fort William Henry, 
retired to Albany. 

17. Events of 1756. — The Marquis de Montcalm 
[onont-kam)^ Dieskau's successor, in August, 1756, made 
an attack upon Oswego, and compelled the English, num- 
bering fourteen hundred men, to surrender. A large 
amount of stores and money also fell into the hands of 
the victor. Incited by French emissaries, the Indians of 
the Ohio committed great desolation ; but Col. Arm- 
strong, after a long and perilous march, reached Kittan- 
ning {kit-tan -ning)^ their chief town, and destroyed it 
by fire. 

18. EvEXTS OF 1757. — In the beginning of August, 
1757, Montcalm, with nine tliousand men, two thousand 
of whom were Indians, laid siege to Fort William Henry. 
For six days its commander, Col. Monroe, kept up a vig- 
orous defence, trusting to receive aid from Gen. Webb, 
who, at the time, Avas in command of a large force at 
Fort Edward, only fifteen miles off. 

19. At length, learning that no assistance would be 
sent, and being without ammunition, he was compelled 

1 6. Give an account of the battle at the lake. What did Johnson do after 
the battle ? 

1 7. What did the French accomplish in 1750 ? Where is Oswego ? (p. 53.) 
Give an account of Arm^^trong's expedition. Where is Kittanning ? (p. 53.) 

18. What \va>^ the principal military operation of 1757 ? Give an account of 
it. Where was Fort Wm. Henry ? (p. 53.) 



1758.] THE FRENCH AND INDIAN WAE. 59 



to surrender, on the 9th, capitulating that his men should 
have a safe escort to Webb's quarters. Xotwithstanding 
the stipulation, tlie English had hardly left the fort be- 
fore the Indian allies of Montcalm, incited by the hope 
of plunder, attacked them and massacred a large number. 
The fort was demolished. 

20. Events of 1758. — Upon the death of Braddock, 
which occurred four days after his defeat in 1755, the 
general command devolved upon Shirley. Shirley was 
soon succeeded by Lord Lou'-don, and he, in turn, by Gen. 
Ab'-er-crom-bie. With the celebrated William Pitt, al- 
terward Lord Chatham, at the head of the British gov- 
ernment, preparations to carry on the war were made with 
great vigor. Three expeditions were planned for 1758 : 
one, under Gen. Amherst {am' -erst), against Louisburg ; 
another, under Abercrombie, against Fort Ticonderoga ; 
and a third, under Gen. Forbes, against Fort Duquesne. 

21. On the 26th of July Louisburg surrendered, after 
a desperate resistance of more than forty days, during 
which two officers, Wolfe and Montgomery, greatly dis- 
tinguished themselves by their bravery. St. John's 
Island, now Prince Edward's, as well as the island of 
Cape Breton (brit'-un), fell into the hands of the British. 

22. Abercrombie, making his way northward, sailed 
down Lake George, and, debarking near its outlet, com- 
menced a march through the forests toward Ticon- 
deroga, then commanded by Montcalm. In a conflict 
which took place, July 6th, between advanced bodies of 
the contending parties, Lord Ilowe, an officer greatly be- 
loved, was slain. Two days after, an unsuccessful assault 

19. Why was Monroe compelled to surrender? What capitulation was en- 
tered into ? State how it was violated ? 

20. Who, up to 1758, were the successive English commanders ? What ex- 
peditions were planned for that year ? Who was William Pitt ? 

21. Where is Louisburs? (Map, p. 01.) Cape Breton Island? St. John's 
Island? Give an account of the expedition against Louisburg. What were the 
further results of the victory ? 

22. Give an account of the expedition commanded by Abercrombie. 



GO THE FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR. [1758. 

upon the fort was mad(3 in full force, tlic assailants losing 
nearly two tliousand men in killed and Avounded. 

23. While Abercrombie, at the head of Lake George, 
was Avasting aAvay the rest of the season, a detachment of 
his army, under Col. Bradstreet, achieved an important 
success. Proceeding by way of the MohaAvk and Osavc- 
go, Bradstreet crossed Lake Ontario, and captured Fort 
Fron'-te-nac, situated Avhere Kingston now stands. A 
vast amount of military stores and several A'essels fell 
into his hands. 

24. In the expedition against Fort Duquesne, Wash- 
ington held a prominent command. Instead of advan- 
cing by the old road Avhich Braddock had taken in 1755, 
it Avas decided, against the judgment of Washington, that 
a ncAV one further east should be oj^ened for the expedi- 
tion. The progress of the army Avas, consequently, slow, 
and a feeling of discouragement pervaded the troops, 
Avhich was greatly increased by a defeat sustained by 
Major Grant, Avhile leading an advanced detachment. 

25. It was then determined to abandon the expedition, 
but before the order to return Avas given, prisoners Avere 
brought in Avho made knoAvn the fact tliat the garrison 
at the fort Avas in a Aveak condition. The march Avas 
therefore resumed, but Avhen Duquesne was reached, it 
Avas found in flames and deserted. In honor of their 
illustrious statesman, the English changed the name of 
the place to Fort Pitt. 

26. Ea'Ents of 1759. — The great object of the campaign 
of 1759 was the reduction of Canada. Gen. Wolfe AA'as 
to lay siege to Quebec ; Amherst, who had succeeded 
Abercrombie as commander-in-chief, was to reduce Ticon- 
deroga and CroAvn Point, and then co-operate Avitli Wolfe ; 



23. Of the one unrlpr Bradstreet. AVhere Avas Fort Frontenac ? (p. 53.) 

24. Cive an account of the prosjross of tlic expedition airainst Dnqnesne. 

25. State what afterward occurred. Wliat chanije in name was made ? 

26. AVhat plan of operation was adopted for 1759 ? 



1759.1 



THE FKENCH AND INDIAN WAE. 



n 




NOVA SCOTIA, 
NEWS RUNS WiCK 



and Gen. Prideaux (^^rkl'-o) was to capture Niagara and 
Montreal, and tlien join Amherst. 

27. Prideaux reached Niagara in July, but, during tlie 
siege of the place, was killed. Johnson, having succeeded 
to the command, defeated a relief force of French and 
Indians, and compelled the besieged to surrender. In- 
stead, however, of proceeding to Montreal, he made his 



Map Questions. — Into what body of water does the St. Lawrence flow? The 
St. John's? The Penobscot? The Kennebec? The Connecticut? What 
country is on the north of the St. Lawrence ? What natural division of land is 
ISTova Scotia? Describe it. Where is Louisburg? St. John's, or Prince 
Edward's Island? Cape Breton Island? Quebec? Isle of Orleans ? Point 

27. Give an account of the expedition against Niagara. Of Amlierst's expe- 
dition. Where are Ticonderoga and Crown Point ? 



62 THE FKENCH AND INDIAN WAR. [1760. 



way to Albany. Amherst reached the vicinity of Ticon- 
deroga, when the French abandoned both it and Crown 
Point without striking a blow. He went into winter- 
quarters at the latter place, and thus failed to co-operate 
with Wolfe. 

28. With eight thousand men Wolfe ascended the St. 
Lawrence and landed his army upon the Isle of Orleans. 
On the 31st of July he made a daring though unsuccess- 
ful attempt upon the French intrenchments before Quebec. 
Xot discouraged by the disaster, the English effected a 
landnig at night about two miles above the city, and 
climbing tlie steep banks of the river, by daybreak, on 
the following morning, September 13th, stood on the 
Plains of Abraham in battle array. 

29. Montcalm, surprised at the advantage gained by 
the English, left his strong position, and at once attacked 
them. A fierce and bloody battle followed, which re- 
sulted in the defeat of the French. Wolfe fell in the mo- 
ment of victory. Montcalm, who was mortally wounded, 
on being told that he could not live long, replied : " So 
much the better ; I shall not live to see the surrender of 
Quebec." The city capitulated five days after. 

30. Events of 1760, and close of the war. — De 
Levi, Montcalm's successor, made extensive preparations 
for the recovery of Quebec. He marched to Sillery, three 
miles above the city, and there, on the 28th of April, 1760, 
was fought one of the most desperate battles of the war. 
At length the English, after losing a thousand men, fell 
back ; but the opportune arrival of a British fleet, some 
days after, compelled the French to retreat. Amherst 
proceeded against and invested Montreal. The governor 

28. Give an account of Wolfe's operations. Where is the Isle of Orleans ? 
(See Map. p. 61.) Where are the Plains of Abraham V 

29. Give an account of the battle that followed. What memorable reply did 
Montcalm make ? When did Qnebec fall into the hands of the Eno:lish ? 

30. Who was De Levi ? What preparation did he make ? Give an account 
of the battle that followed. Where is Sillery ? What success did Amhers^t liave ? 



llfGO,] THE FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR. ' 63 



unable to resist, signed a capitulation, by which not only 
that city but the whole of Canada was surrendered to'the 
English. 

31. The war between France and England continued 
until 1763, when a treaty of peace was signed at Paris, 
by which France ceded to Great Britain all her American 
possessions east of the Mississippi, and north of the Iber- 
ville (i'-ber-vU) River, in Louisiana. At the same time 
Spain ceded Florida to Great Britain. 

32. PoNTiAc's War. — The transfer of the posts between 
the lakes and the Ohio to the British, whom the Indians 
disliked, exasperated the savages; and they, in a short 
time, gained possession of them all, except Niagara, Fort 
Pitt, and Detroit. Hundreds of families were butchered 
or driven from their homes. Detroit was besieged six 
months, but was finally relieved ; and at last the Indians 
were compelled to sue for peace. Pon'-ti-ac, their princi- 
pal chief, a few years after, was assassinated by an Indian. 

CHRONOLOGICAL RECAPITULxiTIOK 

1753. Washington was sent with a letter from Dinwiddle . .Oct 31. 

1754. Washington defeated the French at Great Meadows. .May 28. 
Washington capitulated at Fort Necessity July 4. 

1755. Monckton expelled the French from Nova Scotia. 

Braddock was defeated at the Monongaliela July 9. 

Dieskau defeated the British near Lake George, ^ s t 8 
The British defeated Dieskau at Lake George, f ' ' * ^P • ^• 

1756. War between England and France was proclaimed. 

The French, under Montcalm, captured Oswego . . .Aug. 14. 
Armstrong defeated the Indians, at Kittanning Sept. 8. 

1757. Webb surrendered Fort Wm. Henry to Montcalm. . .Aug. 9. 

1758. Montcalm repulsed Abercrombie at Ticonderoga July 8. 

The English, under Amherst, captured Louisburg. . .July 26. 



31. When was the war tiiousht to a close? What terms of the treaty are 
meiilioiiefl ? What became of Florida ? 

32. What war occurred after 17fi3? What was the cause of it? Give an 
accoiiut of it. Where is Detroit ? (Map, p. 105.) 



64 THE FEENCH AND INDIAN WAR. 



IT08. Eiiglisli, under Bradstreet, captured Ft, Frontenac. .Aug. 27. 

Aubry defeated Grant near Fort Duquesne Sept. 21. 

Fort Duquesne fell into the hands of the English , . .Nov. 25, 
1759. The English, under Johnson, captured Ft. Niagara. .July 25. 

Wolfe was defeated in the battle of Montmorenci . . . .July 31. 

Wolfe defeated Montcalm on the Plains of Abraham, Sept. 13. 

Quebec was surrendered to the English . .Sept. 18. 

17G0. De Levi defeated the English at Sillery, near Quebec, Apr. 28. 

Montreal surrendered to the English, under Amherst, Sept. 8. 
17G3. The Treaty of Paris ended the French and Indian War, Feb. 10. 



REVIEW QUESTIONS. 

PAGE 

1. What was the principal cause of the French and Indian War ?.\^ 54 

2. On what mission was Washington sent in 1753 '? 55 

3. Give an account of his journey and success 55 

4. In what direction was Fort Lc Boeuf from Williamsburg ? 53 

5. Give the history of the construction of Fort Duquesne SG 

f). Give an account of the battle of the Great Meadows .50 

7. Name three principal events of 1753 and 1754 63 

8. Name four principal events of 1755 83 

9. Name nine principal events of the next three years •. 03, 64 

10. Name seven principal events that next occurred 64 

11. State all you can of General Braddock 57 

12. State all you can of Governor Shirley 57-59 

13 State all you can of General Johnson 57, 58, 61, 02 

14. State what you can of Baron Dieskau 57, 58 

15. State what you can of Montcalm 58, 59, 62 

10. Give an account of the expedition against Kittanning 58 

17. State what you can of General Amherst 59, 00, 02, 03 

18. Give an account of Bradstreefs expedition against Frontenac 00 

19. Give an account of Foi-bes's expedition against Duquesne 00 

20. State what you can of General Wolfe 59, 60, 02 

21. Give an account of the military events of 1700 02, 03 

22. Name, in order, sixteen battles of the war 03, (54 

2:3. Name seven in which the English were successful 63, 04 

24. Name nine in which the French were successful 63, 64 

25. Name five battles that were fought in Pennsylvania 63, 64 

2(). Name six that were fought in New York 03, 04 

27. Name four that were fought in Canada 03, 04 

28. Give an account of Monckton's expedition 50, 57 

29. Give the history of Louisburg to the close of 175S 36, 59 

30. Give the history of Fort Duquesne to the close of 1758 50, 55, 57, 59. 60 

31. ^Vhen did the French and Indian War begin and end ? 63, 04 

32. Give an account of Pontiac's War ^' 63 



1761.] THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 65 



SECTION IV. 
The American Revolution. 

1. Causes of the war. — The expenses which Great 
Britain had incurred in the French and Indian War, 
greatly increased her national debt. The English min- 
istry, asserting that this had been done in defending 
their American possessions, proposed to lessen the bur- 
den by taxing the colonies. In connection with the pro- 
position thus made, it was affirmed that the right to tax 
the colonies was inherent in Parliament. 

2. On the other hand, it was maintained that the colo- 
nies had been founded at their own expense ; and that, 
while they had already contributed their full proportion 
in defending themselves, the advantages resulting from 
their preservation were shared by England in common 
with themselves. The colonists also maintained that they 
could be justly taxed only by a legislature in which they 
were represented. Inasmuch, then, as they were not al- 
lowed to send representatives to the British Parliament, 
tliat body had no right to tax them. 

3. Besides, the policy of Great Britain toward her col- 
onies had been, for years, unjust and illiberal, and calcu- 
lated to incite a rebellious spirit. Tlie Navigation Act, 
previously described, and the issuing of " Writs of As- 
sistance," in 1761, were measures which were loudly com- 

1. How did the French and Indian War aflect the debt of Great Britain? 
What assertion was made ? What aftirraation '? What proposition was made? 
3. W'liat reply did the colonists make ? What was the conclusion ? 
3. What policy had been pursued ? What is said of the Writs of Assistance ? 



66 THE AMERICAN IlEVOLUTION. [lYOo. 



plained of. These " Writs" were general search-warrants 
empowering custom-house officers to break open ships, 
stores, and private dwellings, in search of merchandise on 
which it was suspected no duty had been paid. 

4. When, therefore, the news of the Stamp Act, passed 
by Parliament in 1765, reached America, intense indigna- 
tion was produced. By the provisions of the Act, it was 
required that stamps, to be furnished by the British gov- 
ernment, were to be put upon all instruments, such as 
deeds, bonds, and notes ; as well as upon newspapers, al- 
manacs, and other printed matter. This was " taxation 
by means of a stamp duty." 

5. The first burst of opposition appeared in the Legisla- 
ture of Yirgina, where Patrick Henry distinguished him- 
self by his bold eloquence. Afterward a more formidable 
opposition was shown, when, upon the recommendation 
of the Massachusetts Assembly, a Colonial Congress, hi 
which nine colonies were represented, was held in New 
York. Of this Congress, Timothy Ruggles, of Massa- 
chusetts, was elected president ; and, after mature delib- 
eration, a Declaration of Rights, a Petition to the King, 
and a Memorial to Parliament, were adopted. 

6. When the day came on which the Stamp Act was 
to go into effect, there were no officials courageous enough 
to carry it into execution ; and, besides, all the stamps had 
been concealed or destroyed. Business continued to be 
conducted without stamps, and the colonial merchants 
agreed to import no more goods while the obnoxious 
measure remained a law. A change in the British mhiis^ 
try occurring, the act was repealed in 1766. 

7. Parliament, still claiming the right to tax the colo- 



4. What took place in 170.5? What effect did the news have in America? 
What provisions of the Stamp Act are named ? 

5. What opposition did the Stamp Act meet with ? 

6. How were the operatioua of the Stamp Act prevented? What was tho 
consequence ? 



1767.] THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 67 



nies, passed a bill, in 1767, for levying duties on glass, 
paper, painters' colors, and tea. The news of this and 
other obnoxious measures of the British government, pro- 
duced a revival of the feelings which had been caused 
by the passage of the Stamp Act ; and non-importation 
associations wxn-e formed. 

8. The opposition of the people of Boston being par- 
ticularly bold, two regiments were ordered by Gen. Gage 
from Halifax to overawe them. The presence of the 
troops exasperated the people ; and affrays ensued, in one 
of which, called the " Boston Massacre," occurring on the 
5th of March, 1770, the soldiers fired upon the populace, 
killing three men and wounding others. 

9. The opposition to the revenue measures induced 
Parliament to revoke all the duties laid in 1767, except 
that of three pence per pound on tea ; but as the peo- 
ple were contending against the principle of " taxation 
without representation," and not against the amount of 
taxes imposed, the concession was not satisfactory. 

10. The tea for New York and Philadelphia was sent 
back ; that for Charleston being stored in damp cellars, 
perished. At Boston a party of men, since known as the 
" Boston Tea Party," disguised as Indians, boarded the 
ships on a moonlight night in December, 1773, broke 
open the chests of tea, and emptied their contents into 
the water. 

11. For the purpose of punishing the Bostonians, Par- 
liament passed the Boston Port Bill, which prohibited all 



7. What rifjht did Parliament still claim ? By what act was the claim made 
known ? What was the eftect ? 

8. What military measure was adopted? What was the eftect? Give an 
account of the " Boston Massacre." Where is Halifax ? (Map, p. 61.) 

9. What concession was made by Parliament? Why was not the concession 
satisfactory to the colonists ? 

10. What was done with the tea brought to America? Where is Phila- 
delphia? (Map, p. 43.) Where is Charleston ? (Map. p. 46.) 

i 1 . What retaliatory measure did Parliament adopt ? What generons con- 
duct did the people of Salem manifest ? Where is Salein ? (Map, p. 24.) 



68 THE AMERICAN EEYOLUTION. [1774. 

intercourse with Boston by water, and removed the cus- 
tom-house to Salem. But the people of Salem generously 
refused to thrive at the expense of their neighbors, and 
the wharves of that town were offered for the use of the 
Boston merchants, free of charge. 

12. A general Congress, known as " The First Conti- 
nental Congress," with Peyton Randolph, of Virginia, as 
jiresident, met at Philadelj^hia, in September, 1774. All 
the colonies, except Georgia, were represented. After 
due deliberation, a Declaration of Rights was made ; 
the susj^ension of all commercial intercourse with Great 
Britain recommended ; and addresses were voted to the 
king and the people of Great Britain and Canada. 

13. A conflict with Great Britain seemed inevitable. 
The men in Massachusetts capable of bearing arms were 
daily trained in military exercises, and pledged to take 
the field at a minute's notice, — hence their name of " Min- 
ute Men." Military measures Avere also adopted in other 
colonies, and a general determination was manifest to 
resist, even with arms, the new oppressions attempted to 
be imposed by Great Britain. 

14. Events of 1775.— On the night of the 18th of 
April, 1775, Gen. Gage dispatched eight hundred troops, 
under Col. Smith and Major Pitcairn (pit'-kdrne), to de- 
stroy some military supplies which the Americans had 
collected at Concord, a town in Massachusetts, about six- 
teen miles from Boston. 

15. The patriots of Boston, having had a suspicion of 
such a movement, were on the alert. By preconcerted 



1 2. "What convention was held by the colonists ? Give an account of its or- 
fjanization and doinfrfs. 

1 3. What seemed inevitable? What is said of the " Minute Men ?" What is 
said of military preparations? 

Map Oukstions.— n\Tap. p. 24.) How is Boston situated? Newbnrvport ? 
Newport? New Bedford? New London? In whirh direction is Lexington 
from Boston ? Concord from Boston ? Salem from Boston ? 

14. Vv'hat was Gage's lirst important measure against the Americans ? 



1775.] THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 69 



signals, the alarm was given, and when the British reached 
Lexington, early on the following morning, April 19th, 
about seventy of tlie militia were drawn np under arms. 
The king's troops lired upon them, killing and wound- 
ing several. Then was shed the first blood of the Rev- 
olution. 

16. At Concord some of the supplies were destroyed ; 
but the militia beginning to assemble, a skirmish took 
place, in wliich several were killed on both sidelT^On 
their way back to Boston, the British were re-enforced at 
Lexington, but during their retreat, as far as Charles- 
town, the Americans pursued, keeping up a constant and 
destructive fire upon them. The loss of the British dur- 
ing the day was over two hundred ; that of the patriots 
was about ninety. 

.17. When the news of the day's contest spread, the 
militia from all parts of New England hastened to join 
those of Massachusetts in forming a camj) near Boston, 
where General Ward, of Massachusetts, was exercising 
a limited command. It being deemed important to 
possess Ticonderoga and Crown Point, both places were 
captured in May by Ethan Allen and Benedict Arnold, 
and a large supply of military stores secured for the 
patriots. 

18. Upon the arrival of re-enforcements from England, 
under Generals Howe, Bur-goyne', and Sir Henry Clin- 
ton, Gage issued a proclamation declaring all Americans 
in arms rebels and traitors, but offering pardon to those 
who should return to their allegiance. John Hancock 
and Samuel Adams, whose offences were pronounced 

1 5. What action did the patriots take ? Give an account of what occurred 
at Lexington. Where is Lexington ? (Map, p. 24.) 

16. Give an account of what took place at Concord. Of the other events of 
the day. Where is Charlestown ? (Map. p. 70.) ^ » ,j 

17. What efifect did the news have ? What success did Allen and Arnold 
have? Where is Ticonderoga? (TVlap, p. 38.) Crown Point ? 

18. What re-enforcoments came to Gates ? What proclamation was issued i 
Who were excepted ? Why were they excepted V 



70 



THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 



[1775. 



BOSTON 
TTcnsriTr 




BREEDS h LL 




too orreat to admit of pardon, were excepted from this 
offerr 

19. It becoming 
evident that the 
British meditated 
offensive operations, 
Col. Prescott was 
sent, on the evening 
of the ICth of Jnne, 
with a detachment 
of one thonsand men 
to fortify Bunker 
Hill ; but, on attain- 
ing the heights, he 
concluded to fortify 
Breed's Hill instead, 
this being nearer to 
Boston. When the 
British, on the fol- 
lowing morning, dis- 
covered the redoubt which the Americans had constructed 
during the night, they commenced a cannonade upon it. 

20. This failing, three thousand men, under Howe, were 
sent to dislodge the patriots. Twice did the British ap- 
proach within a few rods of the redoubt, but they were 
each time repulsed with heavy loss. Clinton arriving, 
the third charge was more successful ; and the Americans, 
their ammunition being exhausted, were forced to retreat. 

21. The British lost, in killed and wounded, more than 
a thousand men ; the Americans, less than half that num- 



Map Que»tions.-How is Boston situated ? In what direction is Boston 
from Bunker Hill? From Breed's Hit]? Prom Charlestown ? From Cam- 
bndsje :- W here was Copp's Hi;! ? Where are Dorchester Heights ? Where is 
bouth Boston? Aus. On and about Dorchester Hei<,')its. Of what city does 
bouth Boston now form a part? .4w.<. Boston. 

19. Wliat defensive measures did the patriots adopt? 

19, 20. (iive fln account of the battle of Bunker Hi!!. 



1775.] 



THE AMERICAN EEVOLUTION. 



71 



ber, but among their slain was the distinguished pa- 
triot, Josej^h Warren. Though the British had gained 
the hill, the victory to them was more disastrous and hu- 
miliating than an ordinary defeat ; while, to the Ameri- 
cans, the defeat had the effect of a triumph, 

22. On the very day of the capture of Ticonderoga, 
May 10th, the second Continental Congress convened at 
Philadelphia. That body decided to raise an army of 
twenty thousand men ; and, on the 15th of June, by a 
unanimous vote, elected George Washington commander- 
in-chief of " the forces raised or to be raised in defence 
of American liberties." 

23. Lord Dunmore, the governor of Virginia, took a 
decided course against the patriots; but, owing to the 
activity of Patrick Henry and others, he was compelled 
to make compensation for a quantity of powder which he 
had seized. Some months later a force of tories and ne- 
groes which he had collected attacked a body of Virgin- 
ians near Norfolk ; but the assailants 

were repulsed with great loss. In 
revenge, Dunmore, on the first day 
of the new year, reduced Norfolk to 
ashes. 

24. To prevent the use of Canada 
by the British as a place of rendez- 
vous and supply, an invasion, by two 
forces, was determined upon. Ac- 
cordingly, Gen. Schuyler {ski'-ler)^ 
commanding one, was sent by the 




=~T?otJsesPt°K 



PAUT OP THE SOBEL R. 



21. What losses did each party sustain? How did the victory affect the 
British ? How did the defeat affect the patriots ? 

22. When and v/here did Coni^Tess, a second time, meet ? What measures 
were adopted by Congress ? 

23. Give an account of the difflcnlties in Virginia, with Dunmore. Where 
is Norfolk ? (Map. p. 12(3.) 

24. What plan of action against Canada was adopted ? Describe the Ken. 
nebec River. (Map, p. 61.) How did Montgomery get the command? What 
isueceas did MQutgomery have ? 



72 THE AMERICAN BEVOLUTION. |17To 



way of Lake Champlain; Avhile the other, under Gen. Av- 
nold, took tlie route by the Kennebec Kiver. Schuyler 
proceeded but a sliort distance when, sickness comjjelling 
liini to return, the next in command, Gen. Montgomery, 
gained possession of Fort Chambly [sJiam'-ble)^ St. Jolm's, 
and Montreal, and then moved against Quebec. 

25. Arnold, having performed a tedious march through 
the wilderness, effected a junction of his force with that 
of Montgomery's, and, with the latter othcer in the chief 
command, Quebec was besieged for three weeks. Finally, 
at dawn, on the last day of 1775, and during a violent 
snow-storm, the American army, in four columns, ad- 
vanced to assail the city ; but the attempt was unsuc- 
cessful. Montgomery Avas among the first who fell, and 
Arnold was severely w^ounded. 

26. Arnold, though wounded, took command of the 
troops that had effected a retreat, and, in an encampment 
a short distance from Quebec, passed a rigorous winter. 
In the spring. Gen. Woos'-ter arrived and took the com- 
mand ; and he, in turn, was succeeded by Gen. Thomas. 
By the middle of June, 1776, the Americans had aban- 
doned one place after another, and entirely evacuated 
Canada. 

27. Events of 1776. — AYashington, who had arrived 
at Cambridge about three weeks after his appointment 
as commander-in-chief, and had there taken command of 
the army, determined to drive the British from Boston ; 
but no plan of operations was fully determined upon before 
the early part of March, 1776. Then, in one night, intrench- 
ments were thrown up on Dor'-ches-ter Heights, which 
completely commanded the city and harbor of Boston. 



25. What did Arnold accompli fh ? Give an account of the operations against 
Qu'^bi'C. Whore is Quflbec ? (Map. p. fil.) 

Id. V'hat did Arnold do after the battle ? How was the design against Que- 
bec terminated * 

27. At what place did Washington take coremaud of the army? What was 
bis first aim ? What means did he adopt ? 



i^^e.i 



THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 



73 



28. Gen. Howe, who had succeeded Gage in the com- 
mand, being unable to dislodge the Americans, informally 
agreed to evacuate the city without setting fire to it, upon 
condition that, while doing so, his army should not be 
molested from tlie batteries on the heights. Accordingly, 
on the 17th of March, 177G, the British troops, accompa- 
nied by fifteen hundred families of loyalists, embarked on 
board the ships in the harbor, and sailed for Halifax. 

20. Surmising that an expedition, conducted by Clin- 
ton, which had been previously sent from Boston, Avas des- 
tined to attack New 



^ 



York, Washington 
sent Gen. Charles 
Lee to protect that 
city. It liappened 
that on the very day 
of Lee's arrival 
there, Clinton ar- 
rived oft' Sandy- 
Hook. Thus foiled 
in his a 1 1 e m p t 
against New York, 
Clinton sailed to 
tlie South, and was 
joined by Sir Peter 
Parker and Lord 
Corn-wal'-lis, with 
a fleet and troops 

from England, when the whole force proceeded against 
Charleston. 




CHARLESTON 



28. What as:reement was made between the two parties ? Give an account 
of what followed. Wiicre is Halifax? (Map, p. 61.) 

Map Questions.— How is Charleston situated? Sullivan's Island? Wliat 
fort is on Sullivan's Island ? What other forts defend Charleston ? Where is 
Sandy Hook ? (Map. p. 4:1) 

29. What can yon state of an expedition against New York ? What was 
then done by Clinton ? Wluit was doin; by Clinton and I'arlcer ? 



74 THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION. [IT 7 6. 



30. The people of Charleston had made preparations 
against an attack, by erecting a fort of palmetto-wood 
on Sullivan's Island, which commanded the channel lead- 
ing to the town. This was garrisoned by five hundred 
men, under Col. Moultrie [nidle'-tre). On the morning 
of the 28th of June, the fleet approached Sullivan's Island; 
but, after a conflict of nine hours, during which Clinton 
was defeated in an attempt to reach the island, the ships, 
much shattered, drew off", and afterward sailed to the 
North. 

31. In the mean time, Congress, then in session at Phil- 
adelphia, was preparing to declare a separation of the 
political relations existing between Great Britain and the 
colonies. A resolution to that effect, having been offered 
by Richard Henry Lee, of Virginia, on the 7th of June, 
was passed by a large majority on the 2d of July. Two 
days after, Thomas JeflTerson, of Virginia, in behalf of a 
committee of five members, presented a document which 
he had prepared; and then, July the 4th, 1776, this docu- 
ment, the Declaeatiox of Independexce, was unani- 
mously adopted by Congress. 

32. In the beginning of July, Gen. Howe arrived from 
Halifax and took possession of Staten Island, at the en- 
trance of New York Bay. Here he Mas joined by his 
brother, Admiral Lord Howe, by Clinton, and by a large 
body of hired troops, from Germany. These last were 
called Hessians, because the most of them had been fur- 
nished by the landgrave of Ilesse-Cassel. AVhile Howe 
soon had an army of thirty-five thousand men, Washing- 
ton's effective force, in New York and vicinity, did not 
exceed seventeen thousand. 



30. How were the people of Charleston preijared ? Give an accoiint of the 
battle foutjht there. 

31. What was Consjress doinc: in the mean time ? What is said of a resolu- 
tion ': What afterward took place '? 

32. Where, meanwhile, were the British concentrating a large force ? What 
troops joined Howe there ? What is said of the Heseians ? 



17T6.] 



THE AMERICAN IIEVOLUTION. 



75 




NEW YORK BAY. 



33. Howe's troops were Ijinded 
on the western end of Long Isl- 
and, and, in three divisions, by 
three different roads, advanced 
toAvard tlie American camp at 
Brooklyn, then in command of 
Gen. Putnam. While two of the 
divisions, Aug. 27th, w^ere en- 
gaging the Americans, the third, 
under Clinton, having taken a 
circuitous route, fell upon their rear. Some of the patriots 
cut their way through the host of foes, but nearly two 
thousand were killed, wounded, or taken prisoners. The 
British lost less than four Iiundred. 

34. The British encamped in front of the American 
lines, but made no attack during two days, their design 
being to await the arrival and co-operation of the fleet. 

.Washington, perceiving that his army in Brooklyn might 
be surrounded and entrapped, began a movement on the 
night of the 29th ; and, favored by a fog which hung over 
the city, succeeded in getting all his troops to New York. 

35. Influenced by his officers, Washington retreated to 
the northern part of New York island, and then to White 
Plains. Here a partial engagement, to the disadvantage 
of the Americans, took place on the 28th of October, when 
they withdrew to North Castle. Instead of following, 
the British general turned his attention to the forts on the 
Hudson. 

36. Leaving one detachment, under Lee, at North Cas- 



33. What movement did Howe first make from Staten I. ? Give an account 
of the battle. By what name is it known ? Ans. The Battle of Long Island. 

34. Give an account of Washington's masterly retreat. 

35. What course did Washington then adopt ? Give an account of the battle 
of White Plains. To what objects did Howe next turn his attention ? 

Map Questions.— (Mai), p'. 29.) Where is Brooklyn ? North Castle ? Sagg 
Harbor? Esopus (now Kingston)? West Point? Tarrytown ? Where was 
Fort Washington ? Fort Lee ? Fort Clinton ? Fort Montgomery ? 



76 THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION. [1776. 



tie, another, under Col. MagaAV, at Fort Washington, and 
a third, under Gen. Heath, at Peekskill, Washington 
crossed the Hudson and entered New Jersey. On the- 
16th of November, the British attacked Fort Washington, 
and, although they were successful, the victory cost them 
a thousand men. 

37. To the number of six thousand, with Lord Corn- 
wallis in command, they crossed the Hudson, and took 
]>ossession of Fort Lee, which the Americans had aban- 
doned on their approach. Closely pursued by Cornwallis, 
Washington retreated through New Jersey, and, on the 
8th of December, crossed the Delaware with his dimin- 
ished and disheartened army. Congress, then in session 
at Philadelphia, soon after adjourned to Baltimore. 

38. Lee, who had been urged to hurry to the support 
of the main army, instead of obeying, at first delayed, 
and then advanced leisurely. Having incautiously taken 
quarters at a distance from his detachment, he was sur- 
prised and taken prisoner. Sullivan, who had been made 
a prisoner at the battle of Long Island and recently ex- 
changed, then promptly conducted the detachment to 
Washington's camp. 

39. A feeling of despondency, occasioned by the many 
disasters, prevailed among the patriots. This was dis- 
pelled by a bold enterprise accomplished by Washington. 
On Christmas night, he crossed the Delaware, and on the 
following morning, Dec. 26th, attacked a body of Hessians 
stationed at Trenton. Rahl, their commander, was mor- 
tally wounded, about thirty were slain, and nearly a thou- 
sand taken j^risoners. The Americans lost only four men. 



36. Where did Washinptoii leave detachments? What movement did he 
thoii make "? State \vhat took place at Fort Washing-ton. 

37. Give an account of Washins:ton's retreat and Cornwallis's pursuit. 

38. What is stated of Lee ? What is stated of Sullivan ? 

39. Give an account of the battle of Trenton. AVhcrc is Trenton? (Map, 
p. 77.) Trinceton ? Morrii^lown ? 



1777. 



THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 



77 



40. Washington recrossed the Delaware with his ]nl:- 
oners, bnt, encouraged by his success and finding his 
army strengthened by recent recruits, he again crossed 
the river, and took post at Trenton, resolved to act on 
the oiFensive. This was a bold movement, for the enemy 
were assembled in great force at Princeton, only ten miles 
distant. 

41. Events of 1777. — 

ThouQ^h Washino-ton had 
been joined by troops un- 
der Generals Mifflin and 
Cadwallader, the whole 
force with him, on the 1st 
of Jan., 1777, did not exceed 
five thousand men. Toward 
the evening of the 2d, Corn- 
wallis reached Trenton, and 
after making several unsuc- 
cessful attempts to cross the 

stream which runs through the town, concluded to defer 
hostilities till the morning, feeling sure of then capturing 
Washington and his entire army. 

42. The position of the American army was critical. 
Any attempt to cross the Delaware, then obstructed by 
floating ice, would undoubtedly end in disaster ; while to 
remain and risk a battle with a force so much superior to 
his own, appeared to Washington equally dangerous. In 
this emergency a bold expedient was adopted. Leaving 
his camp-fires burning, he marched by a circuitous route 
toward Princeton, intending to surprise the enemy at that 
place. 




CENTRAL PART OP NEW JERSEY. 



40. What movement did Washington next make ? 

41. What force did he have at Trenton ? State what occurred there on the 
evening of Jan. 2, 1777. 

42. Describe the situation in which Washington was placed. How did he 
extricate himself from the danger ? 



78 THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION. [1777. 

43. At sunrise, January 3d, the van of his forces en- 
countered, near Princeton, a division of the British troops 
ah'eady on their march to join Cornwallis. At first the 
American militia gave way ; but Washington coming up 
with a select corps, turned the tide of battle and routed 

.the enemy. The loss of the British in killed, wounded, 
and prisoners, was about four hundred men ; that of the 
l)atriots did not exceed thirty, but Gen. Mercer was 
among their mortally wounded. 

44. Early in 1776 Congress sent Silas Deane to France 
to solicit aid. Deane was afterward joined by Dr. Frank- 
lin and Arthur Lee. Though France hesitated to extend 
the aid solicited, the Marquis de Lafayette {lah-fd-ett') 
and other citizens of that country acted generously. At 
his own expense, Lafayette fitted out a vessel, and, in the 
spring of 1777, arrived in America. He joined the army 
as a volunter without pay, but was soon after appointed 
a major-general. 

45. Toward the close of April, Gen. Try'-on, late royal 
governor of New York, proceeded against Danbury, and 
after destroying the stores there, burned the town. On 
his retreat back to his shipping, he was harassed by the 
militia, commanded by Generals Wooster, Arnold, and 
Silliman. His loss, during the expedition, amounted to 
nearly three hundred men : that of the patriots was not 
so large, but Wooster was among their slain. 

46. Two small expeditions on the part of the Ameri- 
cans were successful. Col. Meigs, at the head of one, 
destroyed the British stores and shipping at Sagg Har- 
bor ; and Col. Barton, at the head of the other, captured 



43. Give an account of the battle of Princeton. 

44. What efforts were made to secure the aid of France ? With what suc- 
cess were the efforts attended ? 

45. Give an account of Tryon's first expedition against Connecticut ? Where 
is Danbury ? (Map, p. 29.) 

46. How did the Americans offset Tryou's wantonness ? 



1777.] 



THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 



79 




Gen. Prescott, the commander at Rhode Island. Pres- 
cott, in 1778, was exchanged for Lee. 

47. Washington's army was encamped at Morristown 
during the early part of 
1777; but in the spring he 
removed to Middlebrook. 
Howe having failed to draw 
Washington from this latter 
place, and bring on an en- 
gagement, withdrew his 
troops to Staten Island, thus 
Topping the Americans in 
complete possession of New 
Jersey. 

48. The British troops, to the number of eighteen thou- 
sand men, then embarked on board the fleet of Lord 
Howe, and the vessels put to sea, leaving Clinton in com- 
mand of a large force at New York. The destination of 
the fleet being unknown to Washington, he remained for 
many days in painful uncertainty about it. 

49. At last the enemy's expedition was heard from. 
Their fleet had sailed up Chesapeake Bay, the troops had 
been landed, and a march commenced against Philadelphia. 
Washington hastened to dispute the progress of the Brit- 
ish, and, with the main part of his army, took a position 
at Chad's Ford, on Brandy wine Creek, where, on the 11th 
of September, a battle was fought. 

50. The enemy advanced in two divisions, and Avhile 
one made a direct attack upon the left wing of the 
Americans, the other crossed the stream above, and un- 



Map Questions.— WTiere is Paoli ? Chad's Ford ? Germantown ? Fort Mer- 
cer? Fort Mifflin '? Red Bank ? Valley Forjre ? Readin<r? 

47. What scheme did Howe endeavor to carry out in New Jersey ? What 
movement did he next make ? 

48. What further can von state of Howe's movements? 

49. In what way did Washinsjton try to save Philadelphia? 
49, 50. Give an account of the battle of Brandywine. 



80 THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION. [1777. 



expectedly fell upon their right. The patriots deteiided 
themselves with great valor, but were at length forced 
to give way. The loss of the Americans, in killed, 
wounded, and prisoners, amounted to twelve hundi-cd 
men ; that of the British to about five hundred. Among 
the wounded was Lafayette. Pulaski {pu-la^-ke)^ a Po- 
lish nobleman, was also in the battle, doing brave ser- 
vice for the cause of liberty. 

51. Washington in vain endeavored to save Philadel- 
phia. The two armies again met, but a violent storm 
prevented a battle ; and Gen. Wayne (wane)^ who had 
been detached with fifteen hundred men to hang upon 
the rear of Howe's army, was attacked at night near 
Paoli (im-o'-le)^ and defeated. On the 26th Howe entered 
Philadelphia, but the main body of his army encamped 
at Germantown. 

52. Seven or eight miles below Philadelphia, the 
Americans held two forts on opposite sides of the Dela- 
ware, and thus commanded the river. Learning that a 
strong detachment of the British had left for their re- 
duction, Washington attacked the force remaining at 
Germantown, Oct. 4th ; but the patriots, although at 
first successful, were finally repulsed, with the loss of a 
thousand men. 

53. Both forts were attacked, Oct. 2 2d ; — Mercer, by a 
force of two thousand troops, under Count Do'-nop ; and 
Mifflin, by a number of frigates and other vessels. But 
the assailants w^ere repulsed with heavy loss. Donop 
was mortally wounded, about five hundred Hessians and 
marines were killed or wounded, and two large ships were 
destroyed. 



51. What next occurred? Give an account of the battle of Paoli. When 
did Howe enter Philadelphia? 

52. What induced Washinf!:ton to ^o against the enemy at Germantown? 
Give an account of the battle that followed. 

53. What took place on the 22d of Oct. ? Give an account of the operations. 



17^7.] THE AMERICAN REYOLUTIO::. 81 



54. On the 10th of November a second attempt to re- 
duce Fort Mifflin was commenced. After a heroic de- 
fence of five days, during which the British kept up a 
destructive fire from a battery and also from their ships, 
the garrison evacuated the fort, and crossed to Red 
Bank. A force appearing before Fort Mercer soon after, 
it, too, was abandoned. 

55. During the winter of 1777-78, Washington's troops 
were quartered in huts at Valley Forge. The position, 
besides being easy of defence, enabled Washington to 
watch Howe's movements and protect his own military 
stores at Reading {^red'-ing). But the patriots suffered 
greatly from insufficient food, clothing, and shelter ; and 
many of the officers resigned in consequence of not re- 
ceiving their pay. 

56. Burgoyne's Invasion. — During the early part of 
the summer of 1777, an army of ten thousand men, Brit- 
ish and German troops, Canadians and Indians, was fitted 
out in Canada for the invasion of the United States. 
The design of Gen. Burgoyne, the commander of this 
large force, was to effi^ct a junction of his own army 
with that of another from New York, and thus cut off" 
Washington's communication with the Eastern States. 

57. After taking possession of Crown Point, Burgoyne 
proceeded to invest Fort Ticonderoga, then garrisoned 
by three thousand men under Gen. St. Clair. St. Clair 
had determined upon a resolute defence, but discovering, 
to his dismay, that the enemy had erected batteries on 
Mount Defiance, a rocky height commanding the fort, lie 
made a hasty retreat. 



54 Give an account of the next attempt against Port Mifflin. 

55 What can you state of Wat^hington's army dunui;: the winter ? 

56. What invading army was gathered at the North m 1777 ? \Vhat design 
did Burgoyne have ? „^ o. . i i i i 

57. What were the first movements of Biirgoyne ? State how lie succeeded 
at Ticonderoga? 



82 



THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 



[Ii77. 



58. The retreating army crossed over to Mount Inde- 
pendence, and took a road through the woods toward 

Fort Edward, the headquar- 
ters of Gen. Schuyler, who 
then commanded the Ameri- 
can forces at the North ; but, 
at Hubbardton, the rear divi- 
sion was overtaken, on the 
morning of the Vth of July, 
and routed with considerable 
loss. The ammunition and 
stores, which had been sent 
by water, were also overtaken, 
and were destroyed. 

50. Schuyler, deeming his 
force inadequate to make a 
successful stand against the 
invaders, gradually fell back 
to the islands at the mouth 
of the Mohawk. Burgoyne 
reached the head of Lake 
Champlain, and thence his 
march to Fort Edward was 
slow^ and difficult, owing to 
the impediments which Schuy- 
ler had placed in his way, by 
destroying the bridges and 
felling immense trees across 
the roads. 

60. The story of the murder of Miss McCrea, about 
this time, excited wide-spread abhorrence, and had the 

Map QuESTioKS.— Where is Crown Point? Ticonderoga ? Mt. Defiance ? 
Mt. Independence? Ilubbardton? I't. Edward? Bennini?ton ? Stillwater? 
Albany ? Saratouja ? Into what river does the Mohawk flow ? 

."iS. Give the particulars of the disasters that followed St. Clair's retreat. 

iSf). What retreat and advance next took place ? 

GO. Ilelute the story in relation to Jane McCrea. 




1777,] THE AMEKICAN KEVOLUTION. 83 



effect of greatly increasing the number of Schuyler's 
troops. Tue lady, it appeared, had been captured by 
some Indians attached to iiurgoyne's army, during a visit 
she was making at the house of a friend ; and while they 
were conducting her to his camp, she met her death. 
Accounts differ as to how she was killed ; but the savajxes 
brought her scalp into Burgoyne's camp, and the opinion 
prevailed that they were her murderers. 

61. Burgoyne had previously sent a detachment under 
Col. St. Leger {lej'-er) to capture Fort Schuyler. On 
reaching the place and finding it resolutely defended, St. 
Leger determined upon a siege. While this was in pro- 
gress, Gen. Her'-ki-mer, in advancing to the relief of the 
garrison, fell into an ambuscade, August 6th, and was de- 
feated, he being mortally wounded. At last the Indian 
allies of St. Leger, hearing that Arnold, who had been 
dispatched by Schuyler, was approaching with a large 
army, fled in great haste, and the siege was consequently 
abandoned. 

62. Burgoyne, having arrived at Fort Edward, and 
finding himself in want of sui^plies, sent five hundred 
men, under Col. Baum (bourn), to seize the stores which 
the Americans had collected at Bennington. Baum was 
met near Bennington by the New Hampshire militia, 
under Gen. Stark, and defeated ; and, on the same day, 
August 16th, a detachment which had been sent to the 
aid of Baum, was also defeated. 

63. The reverses experienced by the British at Fort 
Schuyler and Bennington embarrassed the movements of 
Burgoyne, and weakened and dispirited his army. Just 
then, when the Americans were in good force to confront 

61. Give the particulars of St. Leber's operations. Where was Fort Schuy- 
ler ? (Map, p. 28.) Bv what name is Herkimer's battle known ? Ans. O-ris'-ka-ny. 

62. Give i'u account of the battle of Bennini^^ton. 

63. IIoAV did the reverses of the British affect them ? What change in com- 
manders took place 'i 



84 THE AMERICAN EEVOLUTION. il7n. 



the enemy, General Gates, by act of Congress, was ap- 
pointed to succeed ISchuyler. 

64. Gates advanced to Bern -is Heiolits, near Stillwater, 
and Burgoyne crossed the Hudson. On the 19th of Sept. 
was fought the lirst battle of Stillwater, sometimes called 
the battle of Bemis Heights, in which Arnold displayed 
great bravery. Both parties claimed the victory; but, 
though the British remained on the field of battle, their 
progress toward Albany was effectually checked. 

65. The two armies remained in sight of each other for 
more than two weeks. Burgoyne, in the mean time, 
strengthened his position, to await the co-operation of 
Clinton from New York ; but, at last, despairing of aid 
from that quarter, he determined, if possible, to cut his 
way through the American lines. This brought on, Oc- 
tober 7th, the second battle of Stillwater, often called the 
battle of Saratoga. 

66. After a fierce conflict of several hours, in which the 
loss of the Biitish was severe, they were compelled to 
give way. Arnold again distinguished himself, though 
fighting without any assigned command, and was severely 
wounded. Burgoyne retired to Saratoga, where, finding 
liimself so surrounded by the Americans that all chance 
of retreat was cut off, and being without provisions, on 
the I'Zth of October he surrendered his whole army, num- 
bering more than five thousand men, prisoners of war. 

67. Clinton, in the mean time, had ascended the Hudson 
a^ far as forts Clinton and Montgomery, and captured 
both forts ; but instead of hastening to the co-operation 
of Burgoyne, he sent an expedition to devastate the coun- 

64. Give an account of the first battle of Stillwater. 

65. What positions did the two armies then hold? What determination 
did Burj^oyne at last form ? 

65, 66. Give an account of the second battle of Stillwater. Give an account 
of Burgoync's final movements and surrender. 

67. What had Clinton been doing meanwhile ? What did the British do o.: 
hearinj^ of Bnrgoynti's surrender? 



1778.J THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 85 



try. The British, on the northern frontiers, upon hearing 
of their disaster at Saratoga, abandoned Ticonderoga and 
other forts ; and Clinton's expedition, after burning Kings- 
ton, returned to New York. 

68. In November of this year Articles of Confedera- 
Tioisr for the government of the United States were adopted 
by Congress. These, however, in consequence of not 
being ratified by all the states till 1781, did not go into 
effect before that time. 

69. Events of 1778. — The success of the Americans at 
Saratoga decided the negotiations which had been set on 
foot in 1776. France acknowledged the independence of 
the United States, and an alliance was concluded between 
the two nations. The French government at once fitted 
out a squadron, of which Count D'Estaing {des-tang) 
was given the command, and, about the middle of April, 
the fleet sailed for America. 

70. In England the tidings of Burgoyne's surrender 
produced alarm ; a more conciliatory spirit began to pre- 
vail; and two bills, in keeping with this feeling, were 
passed by Parliament. Commissioners were sent to Amer- 
ica to negotiate a restoration of peace ; but Congress re- 
fused to treat with them until Great Britain should with- 
draw her fleets and armies, or acknowledge the independ- 
ence of the United States. 

71. In the mean time, Gen. Howe having resigned his 
command, Gen. Clinton was appointed his successor ; and 
the British government^ fearing for the safety of their 
army at Philadelphia, ordered Clinton to proceed to New 
York. In July D'Estaing arrived in Delaware Bay, but 



68. What is stated in relation to the Articles of Confederation ? 

69. What effect did Burgoyne's surrender have in France ? 

70. What effect did the surrender have in England ? How did Congress re- 
ceive the commissioners ? 

71. What change in commanders was made? What instructions wore sent 
to Clinton "? What escape did the British fleet make 't 



86 THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION. [1778. 



not ill time to capture the British fleet, as Lord Howe 
had sailed a few days before. 

72. On the 18th of June Clinton evacuated Pliiladcl- 
phia, and commenced his march through New Jersey to 
New York. The Americans gave pursuit ; and at Mon'- 
moutli, on the 28th, a severely contested battle was 
fought. In the early part of the conflict Lee's division 
fell back, and Av^as in full retreat just as Washington 
came up. Lee was rebuked by the commander-in-chief, 
and directed to assist in further oj^erations : he complied, 
and, during the rest of the battle, disjjlayed both faith- 
fulness and courage. 

73. Though, at the close of the day, the result of the 
engagement was indecisive, the advantage was with the 
Americans, and they slept on their arms, intending to 
renew the contest on the following morning ; but Clin- 
ton silently departed before dawn. The loss of the Brit- 
ish in the battle and by desertions during the march, 
amounted to fifteen hundred men. The patriots lost 
more than two hundred, many of whom fell from the ex- 
cessive heat and fatigue of the day. 

74. Lee's pride having been wounded by the rebuke 
which he had received, he addressed two disrespectful 
letters to Washington. For tliis disrespect and his con- 
duct on the battle-field, he Avas tried by a court-martial, 
found guilty, and sentenced to be suspended from command 
for one year. He, however, never rejoined the army, but, 
just before the close of the war, died in Philadelphia. 

75. A combined attack by D'Estaing and Gen. Sullivan 
was planned for the expulsion of the British from Rhode 
Island, where, under Gen. Pig'-ot, they had established a 



72. Give an account of the battle of Monmouth. 

73. Give the result and consequences of the battle. Where is Monmouth ? 
(Map, p. 48.) Morristown ? 

74. What offensive course did Lee take ? Give an account of the trial and 
consequences. 



1778.] THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 87 



military depot. Tempted by the hope of a victory, 
D'Estaiiig sailed from Newport to meet Lord Howe, who 
had heard of Pigot's danger and hastened to his relief; 
hut a furious storm having disabled the two fleets just 
as they were about to engage, he returned to Newport, 
and soon after departed for Boston, to repair his ships. 

76. Sullivan, finding himself thus deserted, withdrew 
to the northern part of the island ; and, being followed 
by the enemy, an engagement took place, August 29th, 
resulting in a loss of over two hundred on each side, and 
in the repulse of the British. Learning that a fleet with 
troops was coming to the aid of Pigot, Sullivan gained 
the mainland just in time to avoid being intercepted by 
Clinton. 

77. An expedition, commanded by Gen. Grej^, commit- 
ted great destruction at New Bedford and other places ; 
but no acts of the enemy during the entire war w^ere con- 
sidered more atrocious than those of which they were 
guilty at Wy-o'-ming, in Pennsylvania, and Cherry Val- 
ley, in New York. 

78. Early in July a large force of tories and Indians, 
under Col. John Butler, entered the valley of Wyoming, 
spread desolation in every direction, and slaughtered a 
body of the inhabitants who had marched against them. 
In November a party of the same mixed character fell 
upon the settlement of Cherry Valley, and killed or car- 
lied into captivity many of the settlers. 

79. Toward the close of the year Clinton sent an ex- 
pedition of two thousand men to invade Georgia. Col. 



75. What enterprise was planned for D'Estaing and Sullivan ? Give an ac- 
count of D'E^taing's movements. 

76. Give an account of the land battle and Sullivan's movements. By what 
name is that battle known? A/is. Quakej- Hill, or Batt's Ilill. 

7 7. What account can you p\e of Grey's expedition ? 

77. 78. Give an account of the "Massacre of Wvoming." Also of the at- 
tack upon Cherry Valley. Where is Wyomini?? (Map. p. 38.) Cherry Valley ? 

79. What expedition was sent against Gebr<,na ? What did the British ac- 
complish iu Georgia '? 



88 THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION. [ITTO. 



Campbell, its commander, proceeded against Savannah, 
then defended by a small force under Gen. Robert Howe, 
and, on the 29th of December, made an attack. The 
Americans were defeated with much loss, and, in conse- 
quence. Savannah fell into the hands of the British, and 
was retained by them till 1783. 

80. Events of 1779. — At the beginning of 1779 only 
one post in Georgia, that of Sunbury, remained in pos- 
session of the Americans. This was captured on the 9th 
of January by Gen. Pre-vost', who had arrived with troops 
from Florida. Assuming the command of the Britis^i 
forces in the South, Prevost ordered Campbell to occupy 
Augusta, his object being to encourage the tories in that 
region to join the royal standard. 

81. The tories along the western frontiers of Carolina 
were thus induced to organize themselves into a body, 
with Col. Boyd in command. They then marched to- 
ward the Savannah, committing great devastation and 
cruelties as they proceeded ; but, at Kettle Creek, Feb. 
14rth, they were attacked by a force of Carolina militia, 
under Col. Pickens, and utterly defeated. Boyd was 
anong the slain. 

82. Encouraged by this success. Gen. Lincoln, then in 
command of the American forces at the South, sent Gen. 
Ashe {ash) to aid in driving the enemy from Augusta. 
The patriots having concentrated a force opposite that 
town, Campbell fled. Ashe pursued, but at Brier Creek, 
March 3d, he was surprised by Prevost, and defeated, 
losing nearly his whole army by death, captivity, and 
dispersion. 

83. Learning that a body of British troops was sta- 

80. What did the Briti!<h accomplish in Georeia. in Jannaiy, 1799? 

81. Give an account of Bovd's operations and defeat. 

82. Give an account of Ashe's* operations and defeat. 

83. Of Lincoln's operations and defeat. Of the disasters at the North. 
\V here is Stony Point '! (Map, p. 38.) Verplanck's Point y 



1779,] 



THE AMERICAN REYOLUTION. 



89 



tioned at Stono Ferry, ten miles from Charleston, Lin- 
coln determined to drive the enemy from a position so 
menacing to the city. Accordingly the attempt was 
made, June 20th, but, after a severe engagement, the 
Americans were repulsed. Disaster, too, attended the 
patriot cause at the North. Tryon made two more expe- 
ditions against Connecticut, and Clinton captured Stony 
and Yerplanck's Points. 



,^^^^ 




Miles 



84. Washington, desiring to recapture Stony Point, 
planned an attack to be conducted by Wayne. At mid- 



Map Questions.— What State is on the South of Vircrinia? On the South of 
North Carolina ? On the south and west of South Carolina ? Where is Savan- 
nah? Sunbury? Augusta? Monk's Corner? Ninety-six? Rocky Mount? 
Hano^in^ Rock? Kinof's Mountain ? Cowpens ? Guilford Court House ? Wil- 
mington? Camden? Hobkirk's Hill ? Eutaw Sprintifs? Into what river does 
Brier Creek flow ? Waxhaw Creek ? Sanders Creek ? Catawba R. ? Yadkin 
E.? DanR.? 



90 THE AMEKICAN EEVOLUTION. [1779. 

night, on the 15th of July, the Americans, in two cohimns, 
forced their way into the fort from opposite sides, and, 
meeting in the centre of the works, tlie garrison surren- 
dered at discretion. The entire loss of the patriots in this 
brilliant success, achieved at the point of the bayonet and 
without firing a gun, was fifteen killed and eighty-three 
wounded. The enemy lost upward of six hundred in 
killed and prisoners. 

85. Only four days after, another brilliant exploit 
crowned the efforts of the patriots. The British post at 
Paulus (2K(w'-liis) Hook, in New Jersey, opposite the city 
of New York, was surprised at night by Major Lee, and 
one hundred and fifty of the garrison were made pris- 
oners. 

86. Sullivan, Avho had been sent against the Indians 
of Western New York to check their depredations and 
avenge the " Massacre of Wyoming," was completely 
successful. He defeated a body of Indians and tories in 
the battle of the Chemung {she-iyiung')^ August 29th, and 
then destroyed forty Indian villages, and a vast amount 
of corn. 

87. In September an obstinate engagement took place 
off the eastern coast of England, between a small squad- 
ron of French and American vessels, commanded by Paul 
Jones, and two British frigates. It lasted from seven till 
ten at night, when both frigates surrendered. 

88. D'Estaing, as has been stated, sailed from Rhode 
Island to Boston. Thence he went to the West Indies. 
In September, 1779, he appeared before Savannah, and 
prepared to co-operate with Lincoln for the recovery of 



84. Give an account of the battle of Stony Point. 

85. Of the exploit at Paulus Hook. Where was Paulus Hook? 

86. Give an account of Sullivan's expedition against the Indians. Where 
was Chemnnir? (Map. p. 38.) 

8 7. Of Paul Jones's remarkable naval battle. 

88. Of the operations and failure of D Estaing and Lincoln. 



1780.] THE AMEEICAN REVOLUTION. 91 



the town. . On the 9th of October, after a siege of about 
three weeks, a disastrous assault was made. Among 
those Avho fell was the gallant Count Pulaski. 

89. Events of 1780. — The principal military oj^erations 
of 1780 were carried on in the Carolinas. Clinton, with 
a fleet commanded by Ar'-buth-not, having sailed from 
New York to the South, appeared before Charleston in 
February, and, on the 1st of April, commenced a regular 
siege. The forces defending the city were commanded 
by Lincoln. 

90. While the siege was in progress, an American corps, 
stationed at Monk's Corner to keej) open a communica- 
tion between the city and the interior, was surprised by 
Col. Tarleton {tarl'-tun) and put to flight. On the 12th 
of May, after a heroic defence of about forty days, Lincoln 
surrendered ; and six thousand prisoners fell into the hands 
of the British. 

9L To complete the subjugation of South Carolina, as 
Clinton contemplated, expeditions were sent into the inte- 
rior. One of these captured the post of Ninety-Six ; and 
another, commanded by Tarleton, pursued a body of 
troops, under Col. Buford {bu'-furd). At Wax'-haw 
Creek, Tarleton overtook the patriots, and, falling upon 
them impetuously, massacred or maimed nearly every man. 

92. Clinton, believing South Carolina to be subdued, 
sailed for New York, leaving Cornwallis to carry the war 
into North Carolina and Virginia ; but Generals Sumter 
and Marion {inar' -e-un) ^ and other patriot leaders, by their 
partisan warfare, still kept alive the spirit of freedom at 
the South. Though Sumter met with a repulse at Rocky 

89. How were the operations of 1T80 commenced ? 

90. Give an account of the battle of Monlv's Corner. 

89, 90. Give an account of the siesre and surrender of Charleston. 

91. What post in South Carolina did the British then capture? Give an 
account of Tarleton's success and inhumanity. 

92. At this staije what course did Clinton pursue ? What can you state of 
the doino^s of Sumter and Marion ? 

93. Give an account of the battle of Sanders Creek. 



92 THE AMERICAN KEVOLUTION. [1780. 



Mount, yet at Hanging Kock, only a week after, he gained 
a decided victory. 

93. On the 16th of August occurred the battle of San- 
ders Creek. Gen. Gates, who had been appointed by 
Congress to succeed Lincoln in the command at the 
South, advanced against the British, and was met by 
Cornwallis a short distance from Camden. After a des- 
perate contest, the American regulars, being deserted by 
the militia, were forced to retreat, with a loss of about a 
thousand men. De Kalb, mortally wounded, was taken 
prisonei*. 

94. Gates's defeat let loose the enemy against Sumter, 
who, at Fishing Creek, two days after, was surprised by 
Tarleton, and routed with great slaughter. Believing 
South Carolina to be at last subdued, Cornwallis pro- 
ceeded to overrun North Carolina, detaching Major Fer- 
guson to precede him. Large numbers of tories joined 
the detachment during its march. 

95. The excesses of which Ferguson's troops were 
guilty so exasperated the inhabitants, that a hastily- 
formed force, under Col. Campbell, attacked them at 
King's Mountain, Oct. 7th, and killed Ferguson and one 
hundred and fifty of his men. The remainder, number- 
ing more than eight hundred, surrendered. The loss of 
the Americans was only twenty. 

96. Arnold's Treason. — The year 1780 is particularly 
memorable for the "Treason of Arnold."*' In 1778, after 
the British had evacuated Philadelphia, Arnold was put 
in command of that city. Here he lived at an expense 
beyond his income, and, to meet the demands of his cred- 
itors, appropriated public funds to his own use. Charges 



94. What disaster was a sequel to that of Sanders Creek ? What did Corn- 
wallis proceed to do then ? 

94, 95. Give an account of the battle of Kinor's Mountain. 

96. For what is the year 1780 particularly remarkable ? How was Arnold 
led to take the step in treason ? 



1780.] 



THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 



93 



were preferred against him, and, in conformity with the 
decision of the court, he was reprimanded by Washing- 
ton. He felt the disgrace, and 
determined to wreak his ven- 
geance. 

97. Having secured the com- 
mand of West Point, he offered, 
by means of a correspondence 
which he had carried on several 
months, to betray it into the 
hands of Clinton. Major An'-dre, 
aid-de-camp to Clinton, was sent 
to finish the plan of treason and 
adjust the traitor's recompense. 
Andre proceeded up the Hud- 
son, and at a place six miles be- 
low West Point, met Arnold, 
and completed the bargain. 

98. Instead of returning by water, as had been pre- 
viously arranged, Andre was compelled by circumstances 
to cross to the east side of the Hudson and proceed by 
land. When near Tarrytown, he was stopped by three 
militiamen,— Paulding, Williams, and Van Wart,— who 
conducted him to North Castle, the nearest military sta- 
tion of the Americans. 

99. The commander at North Castle, having no suspi- 
cion of Arnold's base design, wrote to that officer, inform- 
ing him of the arrest of Andre. The traitor, startled and 
alarmed upon reading the letter, escaped on board the 
British sloop-of-war Vulture, the vessel which had been 




Map Qitestions.— Where is Stony Point ? Verplanck's Point ? West Point ? 
Tarrvtown ? Tappan ? Where was Fort Independence ? Fort Clinton ? 

97. In what way did Arnold proceed? What further account can yon <rive? 

98. State how Arnold's design was frustrated. Where is North Castle? 
(Map. p 29.) 

99. ^^'hat act of stupidity did the commander at North Castle commit" 
What was the consequence ? 



94 THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION. [1781. 



intended for Andre's return, and took refuge in New 
York. 

100. Atidre was conveyed to Tappan (tajypanji'), a vil- 
la<>-e on the west side of the lludsuii, opposite Tarrytown, 
and was there tried by a court-marlial, found guilty, and, 
ac^reeably to the laws and usages of nations, executed as 
a spy. Arnold was made a brigadier-general in the Brit- 
ish service. 

191. Events of 1781, and to the beghinhig of Wash- 
hufton^s Aclmlalstratlon. — During the winter of 1780-1, 
great dissatisfaction existed among the troops of Wash- 
ington's army, because they had not been paid for several 
months, and were not provided with sufficient clothing 
and provisions. This feeling increasing among the Penn- 
sylvania troops., owing to a dispute about the terra of their 
enlistment, they left their camp at Morristown, on the 
first day of 1781, to seek redress of Congress. 

102. On the march toward Philadelphia, they were 
overtaken by two emissaries of Clinton, whom they 
seized and conducted to Gen. Wayne, to be treated as 
spies. xVt Princeton they were met by a committee of 
Congress, who satisfied their pressing wants, and thus 
suppressed the revolt. This mutiny, and another among 
the New Jersey troops, which was speedily quelled by 
military power, quickened Congress to act for the relief 
of the army. 

103. Taxation was resorted to, an agent was sent to 
Europe for aid, and other measures were adopted. Pobert 
Morris, who had been appointed superintendent of the 
national treasury, was very active in the discharge of his 
duties ; and, by the financial aid which he rendered, cn- 



100. What fnrthcr can you state of Andre and Arnold? 

101 . What alannniLr event marked the oijcnini^ of 1781 ? 

102. (Jive ail account of the mutiny. Of a second mutiny, and what fol- 
lowed. Where is Morristown? (Map. p. 77.) Princeton? 

103. State wliat measures were adopted by Congi-ee^s. 



ITS 1.1 THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 95 



abled Congress to prosecute the war. Upon his recom- 
mendation the Bank of North America was established at 
a later period, and this institution proved of great service 
during the rest of the contest. 

104. Gates, in consequence of his defeat at Sanders 
Creek, was superseded in the command by Gen. Greene, 
who at once sent Gen. Morgan to check the devastations 
of the British in South Carolina. At the Cow'-pens, on the 
1 7th of January, Tarleton overtook Morgan ; but, after a 
severe battle, the British were completely routed, losing 
about eight hundred men, while tlfe loss of the Americans 
did not exceed thirty. 

105. INIorgan, after his victory, hurried off in a north- 
easterly direction ; and Cornwallis, on hearing of Tarle- 
ton's defeat, started in pursuit, and reached the Ca-taw'- 
ba, at evening, on the 29th, just two hours after the 
Americans had forded the river. lie halted, intending 
to cross in the morning, but, during the night, a heavy 
rain set in, and, by daybreak, the stream was so swollen 
as to be impassable. 

106. Here, on the east side of the Catawba, Greene 
came to the aid of Morgan, and, taking the command, 
continued the retreat. At the Yad'-kin the Americans 
were again favored by a rain-storm ; and, after they crossed 
the Dan, Cornwallis gave up the pursuit. 

107. In a few days Greene recrossed the Dan into 
North Carolina, lleceiving re-enforcement, which in- 
creased his army to over four thousand men, he no longer 
avoided a battle. At Guilford [f/hll'-furd) Court House, 
Avhere he had taken a position, he was attacked on the 
15th of jMarch. The result, though unfavorable to the 

104. VvHiat was the conscquonce to Gates of his defeat at Sanders Creek? 
Cive an account of the battle of the Cowpens. 

105, 106. Give an account of the memonxblo retreat and pursuit through 
North Carolina. 

107. ^^'hat movement and battle soon after took place ? Give au account 
of the battle and its consequences. 



96 THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION. tit 81. 



Americans, left Coniwallis in such a disabled condition 
that, three days after, he retreated from the field of vie* 
tory, taking the road to Wilmington. 

108. Greene rallied his forces, and for several days pur- 
sued Cornwallis; but not being able to overtake him, ad- 
vanced into South Carolina to attack the enemy at Cam- 
den. At Ilobkirk's Hill, two miles from that place. Lord 
llawdon partly surprised him on the 25th of April The 
strusfgle was waged with varied fortune, but at length a 
regiment of the Americans breaking, the patriots were 
forced to retreat. 

109. The battle of Eutaw {d'-taio) Springs, fought on 
the 8th of September, between Greene and Stuart, closed 
the contest in the Carolinas. This was a desiderate en- 
gagement, and at one time victory seemed certain for the 
Americans ; but the British rallying, Greene drew off hie 
troops, taking with him about five hundred prisoners. 

110. Cornwallis proceeded from Wilmington to Vir- 
ginia, where, during the summer, his operations were very 
distressing to the patriotic inhabitants. To Lafayette 
was intrusted the defence of Virginia, but, owing to the 
inferiority of his force, he was not able to make a stand 
against the enemy. In August, Cornwallis concentrated 
his forces at Yorktown, and at once began to strengthen 
hi.-; position by fortifications. 

111. In the mean time Washington had made prepara- 
tions by which a large force of French troops, co-operating 
with another of Americans, w^as to make an attack for 
the recovery of Xew York. On learning, however, that 



108. What bold movement did Greene then make ? Give art account of the 
hattle of Ilobkirk's Hill. 

109. Give an account of the battle of En taw Spring*. 

110. What movement did Cornwallis make after leavinjr Wilmin'rton ? 
What is said of Lafayette's eflbrts ? What position did Cornwallis tinally se- 
lect and fortify ? Where is Yorktown ? (Map, p. IS't;.) Into what water does the 
James River flow ? The York River ? 

111. What extensive preparations had Washington in the mean time made ? 
Why did he alter his design ? 



1781. J THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 97 



a P'reiich fleet would soon arrive in the Chesapeake, 
AYashington was induced to change his design, and pro- 
ceed against Cornwallis. 

112. But while continuing preparations, as if agahist 
Clinton at New York, Washington actually began his 
march for Y^orktown ; consequently, before Clinton be- 
came aware of the real intentions of the American com- 
mander, the French and American troops were well on 
their way to Yirginia. 

113. It being too late to adopt any direct measures for 
the aid of Cornwallis, Clinton under- 
took to recall Washington, by hurry- 
ing off an expedition under Arnold 
against New London. Fort Griswold 
made a brave defence, but was finally 
carried by assault. Col. Led'-yard, its 
commander, was murdered with his ' new london and 
own sword, after yielding it up, and vicinity. 
many of the garrison Avere also slaughtered. The town 
was reduced to ashes. 

114. Arnold's expedition failed to recall Washington, 
and Yorktown was soon invested with a large land force, 
while the French fleet, commanded by Count de Grasse 
{yras)^ blockaded the York and James rivers. On the 
9th of October, the allied armies commenced a cannonade 
so heavy that in a day or two most of the works of the 
British were demolished. At length, on the 19th, finding 
his position untenable, and seeing no prospect of relief, 
Cornwallis surrendered the place, with more than seven 
thousand soldiers, to Washington, and his shipping and 
seamen to. De Grasse. 

115. The surrender of Cornwallis caused great rejoicing 




112. State how Clinton became deceived. 

113. What counterplot did Cornwallis adopt ? How did Arnold execute the 
part asiaisnod him ? 

114. Give an account of the siege and surrender of Yorktown. 

5 



98 THE AMERICAN llEVOLUTION. n7S2. 

tliroiighout the United States, being considered a death- 
blow to the war. In England, public opinion, in conse- 
quence, became so decidedly opposed to the further pros- 
ecution of hostilities, that negotiations were entered into 
for the establisliment of peace. 

116. On the 30th of November, 1782, a preliminary 
treaty was signed at Paris by commissioners from the two 
governments, those from the United States being John 
Adams, Benjamin Franklin, John Jay, and Henry Laurens. 
On the 19th of April, 1783, a cessation of hostilities was 
proclaimed in the American army; and on the 3d of Sep- 
tember following, a definitive treaty was signed at Paris. 

117. By the terms of the treaty, Great Britain acknow- 
ledged the independence of the United States, and the 
boundaries were fixed at the great lakes on the north and 
the Mississippi on the west. She also conceded the right 
to fish on the Banks of Xewfoundland. Florida was re- 
turned to Spain. 

118. At the close of the war the government was una- 
ble to meet the just claims of its creditors, and the conse- 
quence was general discontent, particularly among the 
ofiicers and privates of the army. Through the influence 
of Washington the ill-feeling among the trooj^s was al- 
layed ; and Congress afterward granted five years' w^hole 
pay to the ofiicers, instead of, as by resolution passed in 
1780, half-pay for life. Four months' whole pay was 
granted to the privates. 

119. By order of Congress, the army was disbanded on 
the 3d of November, 1783. On the 2oth of the same 
month New York was evacuated by the British ; and in 
December following, Washington, " with a heart full of 



1 1 .5. What was the effect in America and En<?1and ? 

116. What ?teps were taken for the estahlishment of peace ? 

117. What terms of the treaty are mentioned ? 

118. In what condition did the close of the war find the national finances ' 
How were the troubles with the army healed ? 



PROGRESSIVE MAPS, N? 2 



87 Lomi,. from 82 Greem.ich 




C East (rfthe Mississippi 



..^t^ 



m Tii CLOSE /yREVmif »§i. 



15 ion^. from Wasligtii. lo 



Fei-d.MayerA; Co LithoorapUexs 9fi]\monSt.Nri: 



l-yS'?.] THE AMERICAN IlEVOLUTION. 99 

love and gratitude," took leave of his officers at that city. 
He then repaired to An-nap'-o-lis ; and there, on the 2:3d 
of December, in a simple and impressive address, resi<^nod 
to Congress his commission as commander-in-chief. On 
tlie following day he reached his hoAie at Mount Vernon. 

120. It was found that, by the Articles of Confedeu- 
ATiox, under which the United States had existed since 
l^Sl, Congress had no power to raise money and pay the 
debts incurred by the war. The individual States were 
therefore called upon for funds ; but their efforts to raise 
them by direct taxation produced great opposition, espe- 
cially in Massachusetts, where it grew to an open insur- 
rection, known as Shays's Rebellion. This, however, was 
suppressed in 1787. 

121. This rebellion and other causes convinced the peo- 
ple that a more powerful general government was needed. 
Accordingly, a national convention was held at Phila- 
delphia, with Washington as president, and after four 
months' deliberation, the Constitution was adopted, Sep- 
tember 17th, 1787. After being ratified by the requisite 
number of States, though not without great opposition, it 
went into operation on the 4th of March, 1789. 



CHRONOLOGICAL RECAPITULATION. 

1765. Parhament passed the Stamp Act March 8. 

The Colonial Congress met in New York Oct. 7. 

1766. Parliament repealed the Stamp Act March 18. 

1767. A bill taxing tea, glass, paper, etc., was passed Tune 29. 

1768. A body of British troops arrived at Boston Sept. 27. 

1770. Affray, known as the " Boston Massacre," occurred . March 5. 

119. Name some of the closins: scenes of the war. To what place did 
Waehinjrton then <ro ? Where ifj Mount Vernon? (Maj). p. 126.) Annapolis V 

120. Peace heinic established, what embarrassments beset Conjrress ? What 
measure for relief was adopted ? Give an account of Shays's Rebellion. 

121. To what couviction did Shays's rebellion and other causes lead ? State 
what followed. 



100 THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 

1773. The tea in Boston harbor was thrown overboard Dec. 16. 

1774. Tlie Boston Port Bill was passed by Parliament. . .March 31. 
The First Continental Congress met in Philadelphia. . Sept. 5. 

1775. The war commenced with the battle of Lexington. .April 19. 

Allen and Arnold captm'ed Ticonderoga May 10. 

Washington was elected commander-in-chief. June 15. 

The battle of Bunker Hill occurred June 17, 

Montreal surrendered to Montgomery Nov. 13. 

Montgomery was defeated and slain at Quebec Dec. 31. 

1776. Boston was evacuated by the British troops March 17. 

The British were repulsed at Ft. Moultrie, Charleston . June 28. 
Congress adopted the Declaration of Independence . . . July 4. 

The Americans were defeated on Long Island Aug. 27. 

Washington was defeated at White Plains Oct. 28. 

The British captured Fort Washington Nov. 16. 

Washington took a thousand prisoners at Trenton.. .Dec. 26. 

^777. Washington gained a victory at Princeton .Jan. 3. 

Try on made an expedition against Connecticut April 26. 

Meigs destroyed British property at Sagg Harbor May 23. 

Burgoj^ne commenced his invasion of New York June 16. 

Ticonderoga fell into the hands of Burgoyne July 5. 

The Americans were defeated at Hubbardton July 7. 

Prescott was captured by Barton at Rhode Island. . .July 10. 

Fort Schuyler w^as besieged by St. Leger Aug. 3. 

Herkimer was defeated at Oriskany Aug. 6. 

Stark defeated Baum at Bennington Aug. 16. 

Howe defeated Washington at Brandy wine Sept. 11. 

The battle of Bemis Heights was fought Sept. 19. 

Grey defeated Wayne at Paoli Sept. 20. 

Howe took possession of Philadelphia Sept. 26. 

The British repulsed the Americans at Germantown . . Oct. 4. 

The British captured Forts Clinton and Montgomery. . Oct. 6. 

The battle of Saratoga was fought Oct. 7. 

Burgoyne surrendered his army to Gates Oct. 17. 

The British were repulsed at Fts. Mercer and Mifflin . Oct. 22. 

Am. army went into winter-quart ere at Valley Forge. Dec. 11. 
1778. France acknowledged the independence of the U. S.. .Feb. 6. 

The British, under Clinton, evacuated Philadelphia June 18. 

Washington defeated Clinton at Monmouth June 28. 

The battle and massacre at Wyoming occurred July 3, 4. 

Sullivan defeated the British at Quaker Hill, R. I.. . .Aug. 29. 



THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 101 



1778. Tories and Indians massacred people at Cherry Vy Nov. 11. 
Campbell captured Savannali Dec. 29. 

1779. The British, imder Prevost, captm-ed Sunbury Jan. 9. 

Pickens defeated Boyd at Kettle Creek Feb. 14. 

Prevost surprised and defeated Ashe at Brier Creek. March 3. 

The British repulsed Lincoln at Stono Ferry June 20. 

The Americans, under Wayne, captured Stony Point. July 15. 
The British garrison at Paulus Hook was captured. .July 19. 
Sullivan made an expedition against the Indians. Aug., Sept. 
Paul Jones gained a victory oiT the coast of England. Sept. 28. 
D'Estaing and Lincoln were repulsed at Savannah Oct. 9. 

1780. Charleston was besieged by the British April and May. 

Tarleton defeated the Americans at Monk's Corner. April 14. 

Lincoln surrendered Charleston to Clinton May 12. 

Tarleton defeated Buford at Waxhaw Creek May 29. 

Cornwallis defeated Gates at Sanders Creek Aug. 16. 

Tarleton routed Sumter at Fishing Creek Aug. 18. 

Arnold plotted to betray West Point to the British. 

Andre was executed as a spy, at Tappan Oct. 2. 

Ferguson was defeated and slain at King's Mt Oct. 7. 

1781. The Pennsylvania troops revolted Jan. 1. 

Morgan defeated Tarleton at the Cowpens Jan. 17. 

The New Jersey troops revolted Jan. 18. 

Cornwallis pursued Morgan and Greene Jan., Feb. 

The Articles of Confederation were ratified by the States. 

Cornwallis defeated Greene at Guilford C. H March 15. 

Rawdon defeated Greene at Hobkirk's Hill April 25. 

Arnold made an expedition against New London .... Sept. 6. 

The battle and massacre at Ft. Griswold occurred Sept. G. 

The battle of Eutaw Springs was fought Sept. 8. 

Yorktown was besieged by Americans and French . . Sept. 30. 
Cornwallis surrendered at Yorktown Oct. 19. 

1782. A preliminary treaty of peace was signed at Paris. . .Nov. 30. 

1783. Savannali was evacuated by the British July 11. 

A definitive treaty of peace was signed at Paris Sept. 3. 

The American army was disbanded Nov. 3. 

New York was evacuated by the British Nov. 25. 

Charleston was evacuated by the British Dec. 14. 

Washington resigned his commission to Congress . . . Dec. 23. 

1787. Shays's Rebellion occurred in Massachusetts. 

Convention at Philadelphia adopted Const, of U. S. . Sept. 17. 



PRINCIPAL BATTLES OF THE REVOLUTION. 

• The asterisk indicates the successful party, t Doubtful. 



1775. 
A[)rill9, 
June 17, 
Dec. 31, 

1776. 
June 28, 
Aug. 27, 
Ocl 2S, 
Nov. 16, 
Dec. 26, 

1777. 
Jan. 3, 
July 7, 
Aug. 6, 
Auff. 16, 
Sept. 11, 
Sept 19, 
Sept 20, 
O.'t. 4, 

Oct. 6, -j 

Oct 7, 

Oct. 22, i 

Nov. 16, 

177S. 
June 28, 
July 3, 
AuiT. 29, 
Dec. 29, 

1779. 
Feb. 1-4, 
March .3, 
June 20, 
July 15, 
A us. 13, 
July 19, 
Aug. 29, 
Sept 23, 
Oct. 9, 

1780. 
April 14, 
Mav 12, 
MaV 29, 
June 2.3, 
July 30, 
Aug. 6, 
Aug. 16, 
Aug. 18, 
Oct. 7, 

1781. 
Jan. 17, 
Maicli 15, 
April 25, 
Sept 6, 
Sept 8, 
Oct 19. 



Lexington 

Bunker Hill 

Quebec 

Fort Moultrie 

Lonsr Ishind 

White Plains 

Fort Washington. 
Trenton 

Princeton 

Ilubbaidton 

Ori^kanyt ....;.. 

Bennington 

Brandyn'ine 

Bemis Heights. .. 

Paoli 

German town 

Fort Clinton 

Fort Montgomery 

Saratoga 

Fort Mercer 

FortMitflin 

Fort Mifflin 

Monmouth 

Wyoming 

Rhode Island 

Savannah 

Kettle Creek 

Brier Creek 

Stono Ferry 

Stony Point 

Penobscot 

Paidus Hook 

Chemung 

Flamboro'' Head . 
Savannah 

Monk's Corner 

Charleston 

Waxhaw 

Springfiel.l. N. J. 

Kocky Mount 

Hanging Rock 

San lers Creek 

Fi.shing Creek 

King's Mountain. 

Cowpens 

Guilford C. H.... 
Hobkirk's Hill... 
Fort Griswold..., 
Eutaw Springst.. 
Yorktown 



COMMANDF.K8. 



American. 



Parker 

Prescott 

Montgomery. 

Moultrie* . . . 

Putnam 

McDouguU .. 

Magavv 

Washington*. 

Washington*. 

Warner 

Herkimer 

Stark* 

Wasliington.. 

Gates* r 

Wayne 

Washington.. 
Jas. Clinton. ( 
Gov. Clinton j 

Gates* 

Col. Greene*. 
Col. Smith* . 
Major Thayer 

Washinston* 
Col. Z. Buller 
Sullivan* .... 
Robert Hovve 

Pickens* .... 

A.-^he 

Lincoln 

Wayne* 

Lovell 

Major Lee* . . 

Sullivan* 

Paul Jones*.. 
Lincoln 

linger 

Lincoln 

Buford 

Greene* 

Sumter 

Sumter* 

Gates 

Sumter 

Campbell*... 

Morgan* 

Greene 

Greene 

Ledyard 

Greene 

Washington*. 



British. 



Smith* 

Gen. Howe*.. 
Carleton* 

Parker 

Gen. Howe*.. 

Leslie* 

Gen. Howe*.. 
Rahl 

Mavvhood 

Fraser* 

St Leger 

Baum 

Gen. Howe* . . 

Burgoyne 

Grey* 

Gen. Howe* .. 

Sir H. Clinton* 

Burgoyne .. 
Donop .,.. . 
Gen. Howe. 
Gen. Howe* 

Clinton 

John Butler* 

Pigot 

Campbell* .. 

Boyd 

Prevost' 

Maitland*... 
Johnson .... 
McLean* . . . 
Sutherland . 

Brant 

Pearson 

Prevost* 

Tarleton* . . . 

Clinton* 

Tarleton*... 
Knvphau.^en 
Turnbull* . . 

Brown 

Cornwallis*. 
Tarieton*... 
Ferguson . . . 

Tarleton 

Cornwallis'. 
Rnwdon* . . . 

Eyre* 

Stuart 

Cornwallis.. 



MEN KNGAQED. 



m'ricn British. 



uuknwii 

] ..")00 

900 



400 

10,000 

1,600 

3,000 

2.400 



3,000 

700 

1,000 

2,000 

11,000 
2,500 
1,500 

11,000 

600 

8,000 
450 
400 
400 



12,000 

400 

5,000 

900 



300 
1,200 

800 
1,200 

900 

350 

4,000 

squadr'n 

4,500 



300 

3,700 

400 

3,000 

600 

600 

3,000 

700 

900 



900 
4,400 
1,200 

150 
2.000 
16.000 



1.700 
3,000 
1,200 



4,000 
20,000 
2,000 
5,000 
1,000 



1,800 
1,200 
1,500 
1,200 

18,000 
3.000 
3,000 

15,000 

3,000 

4,500 

2,000 i 

Mixed. I 

Mixed. I 



11,000 ' 

1,100 
5,000 
2,000 

700 I 
1,800 I 
1,200 I 

600 
3,000 

2r,o 

1,500 

2 vesselB 

2,900 



600 
9.00!' I 

700 
5,0i'0 

500 

500 
2.201 

35(: 
1,10{. 



1,100 
2,400 
9ii0 
800 
2,800 
7,500 



REVIEW QUESTIONS. 103 



REVIEW QUESTIONS. 

PAGE 

1. What principle of taxation did tlie colonists contend for ? 65, 67 

2. Of what British legislation did the colonists first complain ? 65 

3. Give the history of the Stamp Act : 6(> 

4. Give the history of the next measure of Parliament 66, 67 

5. State all you can of the tea tax, and the " Tea Party'* 66, 67 

6. State what you can in relation to the Boston Port Bill 67, 68 

7. Give an account of the military operations of April, 1775 68, 69 

8. What ten important events occurred from 1765 to 1775 ? 99, 100 

9. Give an account of the taking of Ticonderoga and Crown Point 69 

10. What occurred in and near Boston in June, 1775 ? 69, 70 

11. What three Congresses had previously met ? 66, 68, 71 

12. What did the first congress accomplish ? 66 

13. What was accomplished by the Congress of 1774 ? 68 

14. What measures did the Congress of 1775 adopt ? 71 

15. Give an account of the invasion of Canada, in 1775 71, 72 

16. Give an account of two battles before Quebec 62, 72 

17. Name, in order, six important events of 1775 100 

18. Write an account of Washington previous to 1770 50, 55, 56, 57, 60, 71 

19. Describe three battles of 1775 68, 69, 70, 72, 102 

20. What were the first important operations of 1776 ? 72, 73 

21. Give an account of Parker's southwa'-d movements 73 

22. Give an account of the attack upon Fort Moultrie 73, 74 

23. How is Fort Moultrie situated? (Map, p. 73.) 

24. How many colonies united in the Declaration of Independence ? Ans. 13. 

25. Name them in the order of their colonization. (See table.) 

26. What preparations did Howe make to capture Washington's army ?. . . 74 

27. Give an account of the battle of Long Island 75 

28. What movements did Washington make from August 27 to Dec. 8 ? . . . 75, 76 

29. How did the Americans lose Forts Washington and Lee ? 76 

30. Give an account of the events of December, 1776 76 

31. Name, in chronological order, seven events of 1776 100 

32. Name five battles that occurred in 1776 102 

33. Give the dates of their occurrence and other particulars 102 

34. Give an account of the events of January, 1777 77, 78 

35. What aid did Lafayette extend to the patriots ? 78 

36. Give an account of Tryon's three expeditions 78, 89 

37. What were the successes of Meigs and Barton ? 78, 79 

38. What army movements were made in the early part of 1777 ? 79 

39. What movements by land and water did Gen. Howe make ? 79 

40. "VVTiat courses and on what waters did Gen. Howe sail ? 53 

41. What four important events occurred in September, 1777 ? 100 

42. Give a full account of the battle of Brandywine 79, 80, 102 

43. What were the consequences of the battle ? .' 80 

44. Name five important events that occurred in October, 1777 102 

45. Give a full account of the battle of Germantown 80. 102 

46. Describe the two attacks upon Forts Mercer and Mifilin 80, 81 

47. What is stated in connection with Valley Forse ? 81 

48. What invading force did Burgoyne command ? 81 



104 REVIEW QUESTIONS. 



PAGE 

49. What plan of operations did Burgoyne have ? 81 

50. What were his first two successes ? 81 

51. What two disasters next befell the patriots ? 82 

52. What retreating movement did Schuyler make ? 82 

53. Give an account of Burgoyne' s march to Fort Edward 82 

54. Give a full account of St. Leger's operations 83, 102 

55. Give a full account of the battle of Bennington S3, 102 

56. What were the consequences of the British reverses ? 83, 85 

57. Give a full account of the battle of Bemis Heights 84, 102 

58. Give a full account of the battle of Saratoga 84, 102 

59. What did Clinton do up the Hudson river ? 84, 85 

60. Name, in chronological order, twenty events of ITTT 100 

61. On what mission were Deane, Franklin, and Lee sent 't 78 

62. What success did they meet with ? 78, 85 

63. What were the other consequences of Burgoyne's surrender ? 85 

64. Give an account of D'Estaing's operations in America 85, 86, 87, 90, 91 

65. Give a full account of the battle of Monmouth 86, 102 

66. Give the history of General Lee 73, 75, 76, 86 

67. Of the attempt to drive the British from Rhode Island 86, 8T 

68. Of the massacres at Wyoming and Cherry Valley 87 

69. How were the massacres subsequently avenged ? 90 

70. Give the history of Savannah 48, 87, 88, 90, 91, 101 

71. Name, in chronological order, seven important events of 1778 .100, 101 

72. What were the events preceding the battle of Kettle Creek ? 88 

73. What occurred at the South in January and February, 1779 ? 88 

74. Give a full account of the Battle of Brier Creek 88, 102 

75. What disasters befell the Americans in S. Carolina and Connecticut ? . . 88. 89 

76. Give a full account of the battle of Stony Point 89, 90, 102 

77. Give a full account of Paul Jones's victory 90,102 

78. Name, in chronological order, nine important events of 1780 101 

79. (iive an account of Clinton's siege and capture of Charleston 91 

80. What events followed the loss of Charleston ? 91 

81. Give a full account of the battle of Sanders Creek 92, 102 

82. Give an account of Ferguson's expedition .92, 102 

83. Give a full history of Arnold's treason 92, 93, 94 

84. Give the history of Arnold 69, 71, 72, 78, 83, 84, 92, 9.3, 94. 97 

85. Give an account of two mutinies that occurred in the army 94 

86. Of the measures adopted in consequence . . , , , 94. 95 

87. Of change in commanders and of the battle of the Cowpens 95 

88. Of the retreat conducted by Morgan and Greene 95 

89. Of Greene's subsequent movements , , 95, 96 

90. Of Cornwallis's movements from Hobkirk's Hill to Yorktown . . 96 

91. Of the siege of Yorktown and surrender of Cornwallis 96, 97 

92. Of the consequences of Cornwallis's surrender 97, 98 

93. Name, in chronological order, the important events of 1781 101 

94. Give the history of the Articles of Confederation 8.5, 99 

95. What was the origin of the Constitution of the United States ? 99 

96. What battles of the Revolution were fought in Virginia ? 102 

97. Name twelve battles that occurred in the State of New York 102 

98. Name five battles that were fought in New Jersey 102 



Washington's administration. 



105 






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106 Washington's administration. htso. 



SECTION V. 



TO THE CLOSE OF jefferson's : 1789 TO 1809. 

1. Washington's Administration. — The first election 
for President of the United States resulted in the choice 
of George Washington, who received the wliole number 
of electoral votes. At the same time John Adams of 
Massachusetts, was elected Vice-President. New York 
was then the capital; and in that city Washington ap- 
peared before the first constitutional Congress, and was 
inaugurated on the 30th of April, 1789. 

2. Congress having created three executive de])art- 
nients, — of state, treasury, and war, — the heads of which 
were to form the President's cabinet, Washington ap- 
pointed Thomas Jefterson of Virginia, Secretary of State ; 
Alexander Hamilton of Kew York, Secretary of the Treas- 
ury ; and Henry Knox of Massachusetts, Secretary of 
War. Hamilton, by his judicious management, placed 
the public finances in a good condition ; and, upon his rec- 
ommendation, the debts of the states, contracted during 
the war, were assumed by the general government. 

3. In 1790 a law was passed establisliing the seat of 
government at Philadelphia for ten years, and afterward 
locating it permanently on the Potomac. Tn the follow- 
ing year, the Bank of the United States was incor|)()rated ; 

1. Who was the first preslclPTit of the I'rited State?? Who 'vas the first 
virf^-president ? What was New York City at that time ? When and where was 
Washmsrton inan?nrated ? 

2. What executive departments did Congress create ? Vv^hat is said of Ham- 
ilton and his plan* ? 

3. What is said ahont the seat of f^ovcrnmcnt ? About the Bank of the 
United States ? About Vermont ? 



1700.] Washington's administration. 107 

and Vermont was admitted into the Union, maki:ig' the 
number of states fourteen. Dunng the Revolution, Ver- 
mont applied for admission into the Confederacy ; but as 
New York claimed the territory, the application was net 
granted. 

4. In the summer of 1790 an Indian war was com- 
menced by the tribes north of the Ohio. Washington at 
tirst used pacific means; but, these failing, he sent an 
expedition, under Gen. Hannar, against the hostile tribes. 
Harmar destroyed several of their villages, but, in two 
battles, near the present village of Fort Wayne, Indiana, 
he was defeated with severe loss. 

5. In the following year St. Clair marched against the 
Indians ; but while encamped at a place in the western 
part of Ohio he was surprised, and defeated with the loss of 
six hundred men. During the war, Kentucky, which had 
been previously claimed by Virginia, was admitted into 
the Union; and, in the same year, 1792, Washington was 
again elected president. Adams was aL^o rechosen vice- 
president. 

6. Gen. Wayne was finally sent against the Indians. 
In August, 1794, he met them near the rapids of the 
Mau-mee', and gained a complete victory. This success, 
foUow^ed up by vigorous measures, compelled the Indians 
to sue for peace ; and, in 1795, a treaty was made at Green- 
ville, by which a large tract of territory was ceded to the 
United States. Tennessee was admitted into the Union 
in 1796. 

7. When France, during her great revolution, declared 
war against England, a large part of the people of this 

4 What occnrred in 1790? Give an account of Harmar's expedition? 
Where is Fort Wayne? (p. 105.) . , ., 

.*;. Give an account of St. Clair's expedition. What i3 said of Kentuclcy V 
Of Wa^hinston's re-election ? 

0. Give an account of Wavne's expedition. What is said of the treaty ox 
Greenville? Where is Greenville? (p. 105.) In what direction from Greenville 
ie the battle-ground of Wayne's victory ? What is said of Tennessee ? 



108 JOHN ADAMS's ADMINISTRATION. [1791. 



country were in favor of helping their old ally of the Rev- 
olution. M. Genet {zhe-na)^ the French minister in the 
United States, presuming upon the feeling in favor of his 
country, began to fit out privateers in American ports to 
cruise against British vessels. Washington, deeming it 
best to preserve a position of strict neutralit}" between the 
two countries, demanded his recall, and another minister 
was sent in his place. 

8. The first measure adopted by the United States gov- 
ernment for raising a revenue by internal taxation, was 
the law of 1791, imposing a duty on domestic liquors. It 
met with considerable opposition, especially in the w^est- 
ern part of Pennsylvania, where, in 1794, the resistance 
grew to an open rebellion, known as the Whisky Insur- 
rection. Upon the approach of a force sent by Washing- 
ton, the insurgents yielded. 

9i. It was not long after the making of the treaty of 
1783, at the close of the Revolution, before the American 
and British governments began to accuse each other of 
violating its stipulations. To avert a war which seemed 
inevitable, John Jay was sent as a special envoy to En- 
gland, where, in 1794, a treaty was made. This new 
treaty met with considerable opposition in the United 
States, because its provisions were regarded as being too 
favorable to the English ; but it was at length ratified. 

10. John Adams's Administration. — Washington, hav- 
ing declined a nomination for a third term, John Adams 
was elected to succeed him; and the new president was 
inaugurated at Philadelphia, on the 4th of March, 1797. 
Washington then retired to the quietude of his home at 
Mount Yernon. 



1- ,''t;r^'^V^ impnulence was committed by the French minister ? What course 
tud \\ashini,'t()n adopt? 

8. (tIvc art account of the W^hisky Insurrection. 

9. Sfate the circumstances in relation to Jav's Troatv 

1 0. ^yllo surcceded Washington as pro^iflrnt ? When and where was Adams 
inaugurated ? What, then, did Washington do > 



1797.1 Jefferson's administration. 109 



11. The iieutnil position taken by the United States i.i 
the war between Eni> land and P' ranee, gave oftence to the 
latter power; and ''Jay's Treaty," ratified in 1795, so 
aggravated the unfriendly feeling, that a war seemed in- 
evitable. The president, therefore, convened an extra ses- 
sion of Congress, and defensive measures were adopted, 
Washington being appointed conimander-in-cliief. Hos- 
tilities at sea were commenced ; but the decided stand 
taken by the Americans had its eifect, and a treaty of 
peace was made with Napoleon Bonaparte, who had be- 
come First Consul of France. 

12. Washington, however, did not live to see the trou- 
bles terminated : he died at Mount Vernon, on the 14th 
of December, 1799. His death was regarded as a national 
bereavement. Congress paid honors to his memory, and 
the whole people mourned the loss which ea<-h person felt 
that he had individually sustained. During the following 
year the " City of Washington" was made the nation's 
capital. 

13. Toward the close of Adams's administi-ation of 
four years, a fierce struggle took place between the two 
great parties of the day — Federal and Republican— in 
relation to the presidential succession. Upon counting 
the electoral votes it was found that no candidate had the 
requisite majority ; therefore the election went to the 
House of Representatives, by whom Jeflferson was chosen 
president, and Aaron Burr of New York, vice-president. 

II. .Tefferson^'s ADAriNisTRATiON. — The inauguration 
of Jeiferson took place in the new capitol, at Washington, 
on the 4th of March, 1801. At the expiration of his first 



1 1 . Oive an account of the tronhles with France. 

1 2. What is stated in relation to Washins-ton's death ? What occurred in 
180() •? Where is the citv of Washineton ? (Map. p. 1260 

13. What sTnisrorle is spoken of? State the particulars in relation to the 
election of Adams's successor. 

14. When and where was Jefferson inaugurated ? 



110 Jefferson's ADMINISTRATION. [IS02. 

term of office, he was re-elected for a second ; consequently 
he was president eight years. 

15. During his first term Ohio was admitted into the 
Union (in 1802) ; and an immense tract of land, including 
the present State of Louisiana and extending from the 
Mississippi River to the Rocky Mountains, was bought 
(in 1803) from France, for fifteen millions of dollars. By 
the purchase thus made the free navigation of the Missis- 
sippi to the Gulf of Mexico was secured. 

16. In the same year, 1803, Commodore Preble (preh-'el) 
was sent against the pirates of the Barbary States, who 
were constantly on the alert to commit depredations upon 
the commerce of the United States. One of his vessels, 
the frigate Philadelphia, while reconnoitring in the har- 
bor of Tripoli {trip-o-le)^ struck on a rock, and was cap- 
tured, her crew being made slaves. 

17. The recapture of the frigate being considered im- 
practicable, her destruction was determined upon. Ac- 
cordingly, on a night in February, 1804, Lieut. Decatur 
{de-kci'-tui-), in a small vessel, with about 80 companions, en- 
tered the harbor, boarded the Philadelphia, killed or drove 
into the sea every one of the Tripolitan crew, and, after 
setting the frigate on fire, escaped without losing a man. 

18. About a year later, Mr. Eaton, an agent of the United 
States, concerted an expedition with Hamet, the exiled 
though rightful heir to the throne of Tripoli. He marched 
from Egypt across the desert, and captured Der'-ne ; but, 
in the midst of his successes, a treaty of peace was con- 
cluded between the bashaw and Mr. Lear, American 
Consul-General. 



15. What is said of Ohio? of Louisiana? Of the advantage gained by the 
purchase of Louisiana ? 

16. What were the Barhary States? Ans. Morocco, Algiers, Tunis, and 
Tripoli, lyinsr alons the north coast of Africa. What expedition was sent in 1803 ? 
Why was it sent ? What misfortune occurred ? 

It. (rive the subsequent liistory of the Philadelphia. 

18. Give an account of Eaton's successes. What followed? 



1804.] Jefferson's administkation. Ill 

19. In July, 1804, the duel between Alexander Hamil- 
ton and Aaron Burr occurred. This sad affair, which re- 
sulted in the death of Hamilton, grew out of a political 
quarrel. Burr, finding that he had lost his political influ- 
ence, became engaged, two years after, in organizing a 
secret expedition at the West. He was tried on a charge 
of treason, and, though acquitted, was generally believed 
to be guilty of a design to dismember the Union. 

20. About that time, France and England being at war, 
the latter power declared the northern coast of France in 
a state of blockade. Napoleon retaliated, decreeing the 
blockade of the British islands. In consequence of these 
and other " decrees" and " orders," great numbers of 
American vessels Avere seized by the cruisers of the bel- 
ligerent powers, and our commerce with Europe was 
nearly destroyed. 

21. But the crowning grievance of the Americans was 
the so-called "right of search." This was a claim set up 
by Great Britain, under which American vessels were 
searched, and all sailors of English birth found on board, 
were impressed as subjects of the king. 

22. An event occurred, in June, 1807, which brought 
things toward an issue. The frigate Chesapeake, when off 
the capes of Virginia, was fired into by the British frigate 
Leopard. The American vessel being unprepared for ac- 
tion, struck her colors, after having twenty-one of her 
crew killed or wounded. Four alleged deserters were 
then transferred to the Leopard ; but three of them, it 
Avas afterward proved, were native Americans. 

23. This outrage provoked the president to issue a pro- 

19. What is said of a duel? Of Burr, his western expedition and trial? 
What opinion prevailed? 

20. Whatdechiration and decree are mentioned ? What was the consequence 
of the decrees and orders ? 

21. What is said of the "ri^ht of search"' claim ? 

22. In what notable case did the British enforce their claim? 

23. To what act did the outrage lead the President ? 



112 CHKONOLOGICAL RECAPITULATION. [1801 



clamatioii forbidding British armed vessels to cuter the 
ports or waters of the United States. Although the act 
of the Leopard was not approved by the British govern- 
ment, no reparation was made till four years after. 

24. In consequence of the policy of the two European 
nations, so destructive to our commerce, Congress passed 
the Embargo Act, forbidding American vessels to leave 
the ports of the United States. As the Act not only 
failed to produce any change in the policy of the two 
powers at war, but was ruinous in its effects upon the 
shipping interests, it became very unpopular, and was re- 
pealed — a law, prohibiting all intercourse with those coun- 
tries being: substituted for it. 



CHRONOLOGICAL RECAPITULATION. 

1789. George Washington was inaugurated President April 30. 

1790. The Indians defeated Harmar near Fort Wayne. .Oct. 17, 23. 

1791. The United States Bank was established at Philadelphia. 

Vermont was admitted into the Union March 4. 

Indians defeated St. Clair in western part of Ohio. . . .Nov. 4. 

1792. Kentucky was admitted into the Union June 1. 

1794. Wayne defeated the Indians on the Maumee Aug. 20. 

The Whisky Insurrection in Pennsylvania occurred. 

1795. Jay'» treaty Avith Great Britain was ratified . . . June 24. 

1796. Tennessee was admitted into the Union June 1. 

1797. John Adams was inaugurated president ]\Iarch 4. 

1799. Washington died at Mount Vernon, Virginia Dec. 14. 

1800. The City of Washington became the capital of the U. S. 

A treaty of peace was concluded with France Sept. 30. 

1801. Thomas Jefferson was inaugurated president March 4. 

Tripoli declared war against the United States June 10. 

1802. Ohio was admitted into the Union Nov. 29. 

1803. Louisiana was purchased of France April 30. 

Commodore Preble was sent against Tripoli. 

1804. Decatur destroyed the frigate Philadelphia Feb. 15. 

24. What was* the Enibartro Act? Why was the act passed? Why was it 
repealed ? What was substituted ? 



REVIEW QUESTIONS. 113 

1804 Hamilton and Burr fought a duel July H. 

1805. Eaton captured Derne, a Tripolitan city April 27. 

A treaty of peace was concluded with Tripoli June 8. 

1807. The Leopard attacked U. S. Frigate Cnesapeake. . . .June 22. 

British armed vessels ordered to leave the U. S July 2. 

Congress laid an embargo on American ships.. .... .Dec. 22. 

1809 Congress interdicted commerce with Great Britain 

and France March 1. 



REVIEW QUESTIONS. 

PAGE 

1. When and where was Washington inaugurated president ? lOG 

2. How was Washington's first cabinet organized '? • • • 1^^' 

3 State what you can of Vermont - ^2, 83, 107 

4 W^lience did Vermont derive its name ? Ans. From its principal ranf e 

of mountains. The word is derived from the French words vert, 
green, and mo)it, mountain. 

5. Give an account of tlie three expeditions against the Indians.. ... . 1U7 

6. Give the history of General Wayne S' S in- 

7. State what you can of General St. Clair Vt^.ci im 

8. Give an account of the difficulties with France 10 <, 108, lOJ 

9. What can you state of Kentucky ? ;; ' ; ' V ■" ' ' 

10. How did Kentucky get its name ? Ans. The Indians called he region 

Kentucky, because it had been the scene of savage warfare. Tht 
word means the dark and bloody groiin d. , 

11. Give the history of the Whisky Insurrection. • ■ -^ • • • ■ • ■ • •; • • • •; • • - • ; • 

n. write an account of General Washin^oii . •^-^^^^^i;«;^f ;f^,;^^3;^^,;^io6-109 

13. Give the history of New York City'. .37, 30, 40, 66, 67, 73, 75, 79 85 91 98, 100 

14. What account can you give of John Adams ? . . . . .^^ ■ ^98, 106 107 108, 1.7 

15. Give an account of Jefferson 74, 106, 109, 110, 111, Hi, idT 

16 When was Ohio admitted into the Union V .•••.■ 

17" Whence did Ohio get its name? Ans. From the river forming its 
' southern boundary. The Indians called the river the Ohio, a term 
meaning the beautifid ricer. 

18. Give an account of the troubles with the Barbary States • 10 

19. What account can you give of Alexander Hamilton ? 06, 111 

20 What account can you give of Aaron Burr ? • 109, "J 

21 What foreign war-measures injured United States commerce ?. . . . in 
22. Give an 



account of the affair between the Chesapeake and Leopard. 



23. Give the history of the Embargo Act 



iM 



During what period was Washington president! 



Ill 
112 
112 



25 Name, in chronological order, ten important events of that period .... ll"^ 

26 What states wore admitted during his administration ? ii- 

'^7 During what period was John Adams president ? ■■■■■■ "- 

2S'. Name, in chronological order, four important events of that period.. lU 
29. During what period was Jefferson president ? il-^' l^* 



114 Madison's administration. [1809. 



SECTION VI. 

Madison'' s Administration: 1809 to 1817. 

1. The Secoxd War with England. — The fourth 
President of tlie United States, James Madison of Vir- 
ginia, was inaugurated at Washington, on the 4th of 
March, 1809, at a crisis in the affairs of the nation which 
]-equired, on the part of the administration, the utmost 
caution, prudence, and resolution. 

2. In May, 1811, an affair occurred which tended to 
increase the ill feeling which then existed between Great 
Britain and the United States. The British sloop-of-war 
Little Belt, while cruising off the coast of Virginia, fired 
into the American frigate President ; but her fire was 
returned with such heavy broadsides, that, in a few min- 
utes, thirty-two of her crew were killed or wounded. 

3. Before Madison became President, the Indians on 
the western frontiers, influenced by the appeals of Te- 
cumseh {te-kuni'-se), one of their ablest ^varriors, began 
to form a hostile confederacy. Their hostility increasing. 
Gen. Harrison marched against them in 1811. 

4. Harrison approached the Indian town of Tip-pe-ca- 
noe', and encamped for the night. Early on the following 
morning, November 7th, the Indians made a furious at- 
tack upon the camp, but, after a bloody contest, were 
repulsed. This conflict, known as the Battle of Tippe- 
canoe, ruined the plans which Tecumseh had formed. 

1 When was Madison inausrnrated Pre-iident ? 

2. What naval affair inflamed the war spirit of the Americans';'' 

3. Who attempted to unite the Inrlians in a lea<,'ue against the whites '? 

3, 4. Give an account of the battle of Tippecanoe. W^here was the battle 
fouijht ? (x). 105 ) What was the consequence of the battle V Was Tecumseh in 
the battle ? Aiu. He was not. 



1812.] 



MADISON S ADMINISTRATION. 



115 



5. Events of 1812. — The government of the United 
States having in vain endeavored to induce the British 
to abrogate their restrictions so injurious to American 
commerce, and also to cease their impressment of our 
seamen, war was declared against that power on the 19th 
of June, 1812. 

6. The invasion of Canada by Gen. Hull (Jul}^ 12th) 
was the first hostile movement on the part of the Ameri- 
cans ; and the capture of Fort Mack'-i-naAv% five days after, 
the first on the part of the British. Hull crossed the Detroit 
River, intending to go against Fort Maiden (maid' -den), 
but, instead of doing so, encamped at Sandwich. 

7. A detachment 
which Hull had sent 
to convoy a supply 
train for his army, 
was met near 
Brownstown, on the 
5th of August, and 
utterly defeated. 
Four days after, a 
second detachment, 
under Col. Miller, 
encountered a n d 
routed the enemy. 
In about a month 
Hull recrossed the 
river, and took post 
at Detroit. 



DETROIT 




Map Qx^EfSTioNS.— What two lakes does the Detroit River connect? Name 
four places situated on the Detroit River. Name four rivers that flow into Lake 
Erie. Where was fort Mei.^s ? Fort Maiden ? Fort Stephenson ? Where is De- 
troit ? Sandwich ? Brownstown ? Frenchtown ? Name two rivers that flow inlo 
Lake St. Clair. What battle was fought on one of these rivers? Who jjained a 
victory on T>ake Erie ? Who, in 1794, gained a victory on the Maumee ? Where 
is Fort Mackinaw ? (p. 105.) 

5. How did the '"War of ISl'l" have its origin ? 

6. What were the first hostile acts of the war ? What movement did Huli 
make in Canada? 

7. Give an iccouiM of tha two battles near Brownstown. 



116 



MADISON S ADMINISTRATION. 



L1S12. 



8. To this place he was soon after followed by Gen. 
Brock, commanding thirteen hundred British and Indians. 
The Americans were confident of victory in the battle 
which seemed about to take place, yet, to their great in- 
dignation, Hull ordered a white flag to be shown, in 
token of submission. By this act, not only Detroit, but 
the whoie territory of Michigan passed into the hands 
of the enemy. The surrender took place on the 16th of 
August. 

9. A second invasion of Canada was made in October 
of the same year. Gen. Van Kensselaer {van ren' -se-ler) ^ 
in command of a body of troops, mostly New York 
militia, was stationed at Lewiston. On the 13th, a de- 
tachment of this force crossed the Niagara, and carried a 
battery on the heights of Queenstown. 

10. The enemy, re-enforced by Ijrocic, attempted to re- 
gain their lost bat- 

tery, but were re- 
pulsed, and Brock 
was killed. On the 
afternoon of the same 
day, the 13th, they 
made a second at- 
tempt with fresh 
trooj^s, and this time 
with success. Van 
Rensselaer, retiring 
from the service, was 
succeeded by Gen. 
Smyth ; but the lat- 
t e r accomplished 
nothing, and also 
resisrned. 




Map Questions.— What two lakes does the Niagara River connect ? Name 
seven towns situated on the Niagara River. Name four forts that were on that 
river. WlienHs Lewiston ? Queenstown? Chippewa y Lnndy's i.aue y York 
(now Toronto) y 



1812.1 madison'h administration. 117 



11. The triumphs of the Americans on the ocean during 
1812 were as decided as their reverses on the land. There 
were iive important naval battles, in every one of which 
the Americans were victorious. The first was the cap- 
ture, August 13th, of the sloop Alert, by the frigate Es- 
sex, Captain Porter. 

12. On the 19th, six days after, the frigate Constitu- 
tion, Captain Hull, captured the Guerriere {gare-e-are), 
after an action of about forty minutes. In October, the 
sloop Wasp, Captain Jones, captured the Frolic ; but 
scarcely had the prize been taken possession of, when an 
English ship of seventy-four guns hove in sight, and 
captured both vessels. 

13. Just one week after^ October 25th, the frigate 
United States, Commodore Decatur, after an action of 
nearly two hours, west of the Canary Islands, compelled 
the Macedonian to surrender. A little more than two 
months later, the Constitution, then commanded by Com- 
modore Bainbridge, gained her second victory, in the 
capture of the .Java (jah'-vah). The action took place off 
the coast of Brazil, Dec. 29th, and lasted nearly two hours. 

14. American privateers, too, scoured the ocean, and 
British commerce suffered in every direction. During 
the year more than three hundred vessels, with not less 
than three thousand prisoners, besides valuable cargoes, 
were taken by the Americans. The presidential election 
engaged the attention of the people toward the latter 

8. What next followed, liicludins the surrender of Detroit ? 

9. What i^econd invasion of Canada was made? 

9, 10. Give an account of the battle of Queenstown. What Is said of Van 
Rensselaer and Smyth ? 

11. Compare the land and naval battles of 1812? What was the first im- 
portant naval victory grained by the Americans '' 

12. State what you can of the capture of the Guerriere. (See, also, table, 
p. 1.32.) State what you can of the Wasp. 

13. State what you can of the capture of the Macedonian. Of the capture of 
the Java. 

14. What is said of the privateers and their successes ? What is said of the 
presidential election of 1812? 



118 Madison's administkation. usis. 



part of Madison's first term, but, though he was opposed 
by those who condemned the war, he was cliosen for a 
second term. 

15. Events of 1813. — For the campaign of 1813, three 
armies were raised. That of the West, near the head of 
Lake Erie, was commanded by Gen. Harrison ; that of 
the Centre, on the Niagara frontier, by Gen. Dearborn ; 
and that of the JVort/i, near Lake Champlain, by Gen. 
Hampton. 

16. Harrison's first object was the recovery of Michigan. 
A division of his army, mostly Kentuckians*, commanded 
by Gen. Wincliester, reached the Maumee, whence a de- 
tachment was sent forward, Avliicli drove a body of British 
and Indians from Frenchtown. AVinchester soon after 
arrived. On the 2 2d of January, he was attacked by 
fifteen hundred British and Indians, under Gen, Proctor. 

.17. The Americans made a brave defence; but Win- 
chester, who liad been made a prisoner, agreed upon a 
capitulation, though at the time he was in the hands of 
the enemy, and his troops surrendered upon condition 
that they should be protected. But Proctor failed to 
keep his promise, and many of the wounded Americans 
were murdered by his savage allies. 

18. Harrison, Avho was at the rapids of the Maumee 
when the news of Winchester's defeat reached him, 
selected a position for defence, and there built Fort 
Meigs (megz). On the 1st of May a large force of British 
and Indians appeared before the place, and at once com- 
menced a siege. Four days after, Gen. Clay arrived with 
twelve hundred Kentuckians, and successfully attacked 



15. What preparations were made for the campaign of 1818? 

16. What was Harrison's first object ? State what occurred previous to the 
22d of January. 

16, 17. Give an account of the battle and massacre at Frenchtown. 
18. Where was Harrison when the news of Winchester's defeat reached 
him ? What measures of defence did he then adopt 'i Slate what followed. 



1813.1 madibon's administration. 119 



the besiegers ; but Proctor continued operations until the 
9th, when, deserted by liis Indian allies, he made a dis- 
orderly retreat. 

19. He ac^ain threatened Fort Meiixs. but, lindino- it 
well defended, terminated a brief siege by suddenly leav- 
ing. His next move was against Fort Stephenson, then 
garrisoned by one hundred and fifty men, under the 
command of Major Croghan {Jxrdg'-an)^ a young man 
not twenty-two years old. Croghan had but one cannon, 
a six-pounder. 

20. A cannonade was directed against the fort until a 
breach was made, when the enemy, Aug. 2d, attempted 
to carry the place by assault ; but they were met by a 
volley of musketry and a discliarge from the six-pounder 
with such terrible effect, that, panic-struck, they fled in 
confusion, leaving one hundred and fifty of their number 
killed or wounded. 

21. During the summer, an American and an English 
squadron were fitted out on Lake Erie — the former com- 
manded by Commodore Perry, and the latter by Commo- 
dore Barclay. They met on the 10th of September, neai* 
the western extremity of the lake, when a hard-fouglit 
battle of four hours took place, resulting in a brilliant 
victory to the Americans, every vessel of the enemy hav- 
ing surrendered. In dispatching information of his vic- 
tory to Harrison, Perry wrote : " We have met the enemy, 
and they are ours." 

22. The consequences of the victory were highly im- 
portant. The Americans established their naval suprem- 
acy on Lake Erie, Detroit was evacuated by the British, 
and the Indians of Michigan were intimidated. Harrison 

19,20. State what afterward occurred at Fort Meio^s. Give an account of 
Crogan's heroic conduct. Where was Fort Stephenson? (TVIap, p. 115.) What 
town now occupies the site of Fort Stephenson ? Ans. Fremont. 

21. Give an account of Perry's victory on Lake Erie. 

22. Name three consequences of Perry's victory. What movement did Har- 
rison make? What movement did Proctor make ': 



120 



MADISON S ADMINIHTllATION. 



1813. 



seeing liis opportunity for success, crossed the lake in 
Perry's fleet, and landed near Fort Maiden. But the 
fort was deserted, and Proctor and Tecumseli were in 
full retreat. 

23. Han-ison followed m eager pursuit, and, on the 5th 
of October, overtook the enemy at a place on the Thames 
(temz). The Americans charged, l^reaking the lines of 
the British, and soon compelling them to surrender; but 
the contest with tlie Indians was more obstinate. At 
lengtli Tecumseh fell, and the savage warriors lied. The 
war on the western frontier was terminated. 

21. In the spring of 1813, several months before the 
successes of Perry and Harrison, the Southern Indians 

were visited by Te- 
cumseh, and in- 
duced to take up 
arms against the 
wliites. On tlie last 
day of August, fif- 
teen hundred of 
their warriors sur- 
prised Fort Mims, 
and massacred near- 
ly three hundred 
men, women, and 
children. 

25. This unpro- 
voked attack arous- 
ed the whole South, 
and volunteers as- 



STATE OF 

ALABAMA 

10 30 SO SO 




Map Questions.— What stare is on the north of Alabama ? On the east ? 
On the west? On the south? Name six rivers partly or wholly in Alabama. 
Where was Fort Mims (also written Minims) ? Tohoi)eka ? 

23. Give an account of the battle of the Thames. 

24. How wcn^ tlie Ci-eck India'i's indnced to make war npon the whites? 
Give an account of the massacre at Fort Mims. 

25. Give an account of what followed. Give an account of the battle of To- 
hopeka What were the consequences ? 



1813.1 Madison's administration. 121 



semblecl to avenge the deed of horror. Several battles 
were fouglit in quick snccession, in every one of which 
the In<haiis were defeated. At length a thousand war- 
riors made a final stand at To-ho-pe'-ka, where they were 
defeated by Gen. Jackson, on the 27th of Marcli, 1814, 
with great slaughter. Their subjugation was complete. 

26. Toward the latter part of April, 1813, Gen. Dear- 
born, commanding the Army of the Centre^ left Sackett's 
Harbor, in Commodore Chauncey's [cha/in'-se's) fleet, 
crossed Lake Ontario, and proceeded to attack York, now 
Toronto. On the 27th, the troops landed, led by Gen. 
Pike, and were carrying everything before them, when 
the enemy's magazine exploded, mortally wounding Pike, 
and making sad havoc among liis men. After a moment's 
panic they moved on, and were soon in possession of the 
toAvn. 

27. Just one month later, May 27th, the fleet with 
Dearborn and his army, appeared off Fort George. The 
British made but a bi-ief defence of the place, and then 
fled. A detachment, under Generals Chandler and Win'- 
der, sent in pursuit, was unsuccessfully attacked on the 
niglit of the 6th of June, though both generals were made 
prisoners. 

28. The British in Canada, on being informed that 
Dearborn with a large body of troops had sailed from 
Sackett's Harbor, sent a thousand men across the lake to 
attack the place. Gen. Pre-vost', the commander, effected 
a landing; but was met. May 29th, by a small body 
of regulars and some militia, under Gen. Brown, and 
repulsed. 

29. Dearborn, having resigned his command, was suc- 

26. Give an account of the battle of York. 

27. AVhat fort did the Americans capture just a month after? What befell 
Chandler and Winder? 

28. What tempted the British to go against Sackett's Harbor ? Give an ac- 
count of the battle fought there. Where is Sackett's Harbor ? (Map, p. 88.) 

6 



122 Madison's administration. [isi3. 



ceeded by Gen. Wilkinson. A plan for the invasion of 
Canada was devised by the Secretary of Vv^ar, by which 
the Army of the Centre^ under Wilkinson, and the Army 
of the North, under Hampton, were to form a junction 
on the St. Lawrence, and proceed against Montreal. 

30. In passing down the St. Lawrence, Wilkinson landed 
a detachment near Williamsburg, to cover the descent of 
the fleet. On the 11th of November a severe though 
indecisive engagement took place, known as the battle of 
Chrysler's {kris'-ler\s) Field, in Avhich the Americans were 
the greater suflc-rers. Wilkinson proceeded some dis- 
tance further, but, Hampton failing to co-operate with 
him, the design against Montreal was abandoned. 

31. Though the American seamen, during 1813, were 
not uniformly successful, their gallantry still continued to 
be the theme of admiration. On the 24th of February, 
the sloop-of-war Hornet, Captain Lawrence, encountered 
the British brig Peacock, ofl" the coast of Guiana iye-ah'- 
na), and in fifteen minutes compelled her to strike her 
colors. The captured vessel sank in a few minutes after, 
carrying down with her nine of her own crew and three 
of the Hornet's. 

32. On his return to the United States, Lawrence was 
l^romoted to the command of the frigate Chesapeake, 
then lying in Boston harbor. In the forenoon of June 
1st the British frigate Shannon, Captain Broke, appeared 
off the harbor to meet the Chesapeake. Though the 
American vessel had imperfect equipments, and an ill- 
assorted crew, while the British ship had a select crew 



29. Who succeeded Dearborn in the command ? What plan of action was 
devised at Washintrton ? 

30. Give an account of the battle of Chryslers Field. Where is Williams- 
buro- ? (Map, p. ;iS.) What were the further movements of Wilkinson '' 

si. What is said of the naval operations of 1813? Give an account of the 
action between the Hornet and the Peacock. 

32. What took place preliminary to the battle between the Chesapeake and 
the Shannon '? 



1813.] 



MADISON S ADMINISTEATION. 



1'23 



and was in the best possible condition, Lawrence still 
felt impelled to go out and engage lier. 

33. Toward evening the two vessels met, and a terriiie 
contest of fifteen minutes ensued. Lawrence was mor- 
tally wounded in the early part of the action, but his 
last injunction as he was borne below was, " Don't give 
up the ship." The Cliesapeake, after having all lier su- 
perior officers either killed or wounded, was boarded by 
the enemy, and her Hag hauled down. 

31. The brig Argus, Captain Allen, made a daring- 
cruise in the waters about England, capturing a large 
number of vessels. While in the English Channel, Al- 
len fell in witli the brig Pelican ; and, in tlie action which 
ensued, and Avhich resulted in the capture of the Argus, 
was mortally wounded. 

35. Fortune next favored the Americans. Off the coast 
of Maine, Sept. 5th, the brig Enterprise, Lieut. Burrows, 
met the British brig Boxer, Capt. 
niythe, and, after an action of forty 
minutes, captured her. Both com- 
manders fell in the engagement, and 
then- bodies were buried side by side, 
at Portland, with the honors of war. 

38. Events of 1814, and close 
OF THE War. — During the winter of 
1813-14, the army of Gen. Wilkin- 
son Avas quartered at French Mills. 
Early in 1814 a detachment, under 
Gen. Brown, was sent to Sackett's Harbor ; and, toward 
March, the main body removed to Plattsburg. In the 

33. Give an account of the action between the Chesapeake and Shannon. 
In what atl'air did we hear of the Chesapeake before ? (p. 111.) Did Perry's vic- 
tory occur before or after the loss of the Chesapeake ? 

34. Give an account of the cruise and loss of the .ArjTUS. 

35. Give an account of the capture of the Boxer, and subsequent events. 

36. Where did Willvinson's armv (luarter duriiiGr the winter of 1P1R-14? 
Where is French Mills? (p .^8 ) What army movements are mentioned ? What 
events closed Wilkinson's military career? Where is La Colle? (Map, p. 123.) 




Lci Colle 



~R u s es P t 'milt-. >y,7f 



I'AKT OF SOREL lUVEJ 



124 , Madison's administration. . [is 14. 

same month, Marcli, Wilkinson marched into Canada, but 
being repulsed at La CoUe (kol-ld'), he returned to Platts- 
burg. He was soon after superseded in the command l)y 
Cen. Iz'-ard. 

37. Brown did not remain long at Sackett's Ilarlwr, 
but, having been appointed to the command of an army 
on the Niagara frontier, he hastened to carry out tlie 
views of the Secretary of War for another invasion of 
Canada. On the 3d of July his advance, consisthig of 
two brigades under Generals Scott and Ripley, crossed 
the Niagara, and captured Fort Erie without a struggle. 

88. The Americans, with Brown in command, pushed 
forward along the western bank of the river, and, at 
Chippewa (chijy-jye-waic) , on the 5th, gained a brilliant 
victory over the enemy, under Gen. Ui'-all. The British 
retired to the sliores of Lake Ontario, and there Avere re- 
enforced by Gen. Drummond, who took the command. 

39. Drummond marched against the Americans, and, 
on the 25th, the battle of Lundy's Lane, the most obsti- 
nate of tlie war, occurred. Scott, who led the advance, 
bravely contended against superior numbers, until the 
arrival of Brown ; but, it soon becoming evident that a 
battery which the enemy held on a height, and which 
swept all parts of the field, must be captured or the 
Americans be defeated. Col. Miller was asked if he could 
take it. He promptly answered, " I'll try, sir." 

40. He did try, and was successful. Three times the 
British attempted to regain their lost battery, but were 
repulsed at every assault. Finally, at midnight, after a 
contest of six hours, they withdrew, each party losing, 
about eight hundred men. Brown and Scott being se- 

37. Who. in 1R14. commanrled an expedition for tlie invasion of Canada? 
What were the first movements ? 

38. Oive an account of the battle of Chippewa? What did the British do 
after the Vitti'^? . ., . 

39. 40. (iive an account of the battle of Lundy's Lane. What is said of 
Brown, Scott, Ripley, and Gaines ? 



1814.J Madison's admimstkation. 125 

verely Avouiulcd, Gen. Ripley conducted the arni}- to 
Fort Erie, wliere Gen. Gaines soon after took command. 

41. On the 4tli of August, Drummond laid siege to 
Fort Erie, and, on the 15th, in attempting to carry the 
place by assault, was repulsed with the loss of about a 
thousand men. On the IVth of September, Brown being 
then in command, the Americans made a sortie from the 
fort, and destroyed the advanced works of the besiegers. 
Drummond, on being informed that Izard was approach- 
ing, retired northward ; and, in November, the Americans 
destroyed the fort and crossed over to New York. 

42. Izard, when he started from Piatt sburg, left Gen. 
Macomb {ind-komh') in command there, with only a few 
hundred men. In September, Sir George Prevost, at the 
head of fourteen thousand men, marched against Ma- 
comb, and, at the same time, the British fleet on Lake 
Champlain, commanded by Commodore Downie (down'-e), 
sailed to attack the American fleet under Commodore 
MacDonough (niak-doti'-o). 

43. Tlie battles of Plattsburg and of Lake Champlain 
took place on the 11th. While the British, from their 
l)atteries, commenced the one on the land, their fleet en- 
gaged MacDonough's vessels which were at anchor in the 
bay of Plattsburg. In a little more than two hours Mac- 
Donough gained a complete victory. The Are from the 
land batteries then slackened, and, at nightflill, Prevost 
made a hasty retreat, having lost m killed, wounded, and 
desertions, about twenty-five hundred men. 

44. During the greater part of 1814, the whole Atlantic 
seaboard was locked up by British cruisers, from which 



41 . What was the next movement of the British ? What occurred more than 
a month later ? H(nv was the sieije brought to a close ? 

42. Who. after Izard, had the command at Lake Champlain ? What forces 
threatened the army and fleet there ? 

42. 43. Give an account of the two battles that occurred Sept. 11th. Where 
is Lake Champlain ? (ilap, p. 53.) Plattsburg? (Map, p. 82.) 



126 



MADISON S ADMINISTRATION. 



[1814. 



descents were made upon 
small towns. In August, 
Stonington was bombarded, 
but without success. A lit- 
tle later in the month, a 
squadron entered the Pa- 
tux'-ent, and, at Benedict, 
landed five thousand men, 
commanded by Gen. Ross. 

45. An American flotilla 
was then lying in the Pa- 
tuxent, but, rather than 
have his boats fall into the 
hands of the inviaders, Com- 
modore Barney burnt them. 
Ross's object was the cap- 
ture of Washington. In- 
stead, however, of making a 
direct march, he proceeded 
by the way of Bla'-dens- 
burg, where he met, Aug. 
24th, with some opposition from the militia, under Gen. 
Win'-der, and a body of seamen and marines, under 
Barney. 

46. On the same day, Aug. 24th, he reached Washing- 
ton, and destroyed a large amount of property. The 
capitol, with its library, the president's house, and other 
buildings were burned, and, next day, the British made 
a hasty retreat. In the mean time a division of the ene- 




Map Questions. — Name six rivers that flow into Chesapeake Bay. Describe 
the Patuxent. Where is Benedict ? Bladensburj?? Washington ? Alexandria? 
Baltimore ? Fort McIIenrj- ? North Point ? 

44. What did British cruisers accomplish ? What is said of Stoninijton ? 
Where is StoniniTton ? (Map, p. a4.) What took place at Benedict ? 

45 What action did Barney take ? What was Ross's object? Si 
happened at Bladensburg'. 

46. What destruction was effected at Washington ? What did the British 
effect at Alexandria ? 



State what 



1814.] 



MADISON S ADMINISTRATION. 



127 



my's fleet ascended the Potomac to Alexandria, and com- 
pelled the inhabitants of the town, on threat of bombard- 
ment, to surrender their merchandise and shipping. 

47. Ross next proceeded against Baltimore. On the 
12th of September he landed his troops at North Point, 
several miles from the city, while sixteen of the enemy's 
shijjs sailed np the Patapsco to bombard Fort McHenry. 
On his march, Ross w^as killed in a skirmish, and the 
progress of the troops was then disputed, for more than 
an hour, by a body of militia under Gen. Strick'-er. Next 
day the enemy encamped near the defences of the city, 
to await the movements of the fleet. 

48. The bombardment of Fort McIIenry commenced 
on the morning of the 13th, and continued till near the 
following morning, but without making any serious im- 
pression. Gen. Brooke, Ross's successor, seeing no pros- 
pect of success against the city, embarked his troops, and 
the whole force of the enemy withdrew. 

49. During the summer, the authorities of Pensacola, 
then a Spanish port, allowed the British to take possession 
of their forts and fit out expeditions 

against the United States. On the 
15th of September, Fort Bow^yer 
(bo'-yer), now Fort Morgan, was 
attacked by a British fleet, aided 
by a force of Indians and marines, 
but the assailants were repulsed, 
losing one of their ships and many 
men. The other ships effected their 
escape to Pensacola. 

47. Against what place did Ross next proceed ? Wliat further can you state 
of Ross ? What toolc place on llie 12th, atter Ross's death ? 

48. Give an account of the attack upon Fort McHenry. Give an account of 
Brooke's subsequent movements. 

49. What wrong did the authorities of Pensacohi permit ? Give an account 
of the attack upon Fort Bowyer. Where is Fort Morgan ? (Map. p. 120.) Mobile ? 
Pensacola ? 




MOBILE AND VICINITY. 



128 -Madison's administration. [is 14. 



50. Jackson being in command at Mobile, marched to 
Pensacola at the head of three thousand men ; and, nego- 
tiations failing, seized the town and compelled the British 
to leave. He then returned to Mobile, whence, learning 
that the British were preparing to invade Louisiana, be 
hastened to put Xew Orleans in a condition of defence. 

51. Toward the middle of December, a British squadron 
entered Lake Borgne [born)^ carrying twelve thousand 
troops, commanded by Sir Edward Pakenham (pak'-n-am), 
the first object of the expedition being to capture New 
Orleans. On the 14th, a flotilla of American gunboats 
was compelled to surrender, and, on the 23d, Jackson 
made a spirited though inefl^ectual attack upon an encamp- 
ment of the enemy's vanguard. On the 28th, and again 
on the first day of the new year, the British were unsuc- 
cessful in cannonading the intrenchments which Jackson 
had thrown up four miles from the city. 

52. On the 8th of January, 1815, the British made a 
general advance against the American intrenchments ; 
but volley after volley was poured upon them Avith such 
terrible effect, that they were compelled to flee. Paken- 
ham was slain, and two thousand of his men were killed, 
wounded, or taken prisoners. The Americans lost only 
seven killed and six wounded. 

53. Although, during 1814, the Americans were gener- 
ally victorious on the ocean, yet the frigate Essex, Capt. 
Porter, after a successful cruise of more than a year, was 
attacked in the harbor of Valparaiso {vahl-pah-rl'-so), 
March 28th^by two British vessels, and forced to surrender. 
The conflict was one of the most desperate of the war. 



50. Give an account of Jackson's irocedure against Pensacola. V/hat \va!< 
Jackson's next movement ? 

51. What invasion wasnnade in December? Where is Lake Bor]2rne ? (Map, 
p. 120.) New Orleans ? What misfortune did the Americans meet with on Lake 
BoriTiie? What is said of the attack made by Jackson ? Of two attacks next 
iiiuffe by Pakenham ? 

52. (rive an account of the battle of Now C)r!eans. 

53. Ciivean account of the cruise and loss of the Essex. 



1814.] m:u)ison"'s administration. 129 



54. A large number of citizens of the United States, 
mostly residents of New England, had been opposed to 
the war from its very commencement. They regarded it 
as entirely unnecessary ; besides, the losses which they 
were sustaining in their commerce and fisheries, were not 
without influence upon them. 

55. For the purpose of considering their grievances and 
devising means of redress, delegates met at Hartford, in 
December, 1814. The friends of President Madison and 
of the war looked upon this assemblage, commonly known 
as the " Hartford Convention," as a treasonable body ; 
but the doings of the members were, to say the least, 
liarmless, their principal act being the recommendation 
of several amendments to the Constitution. After three 
weeks of secret session, the convention adjourned. 

56. In February, 1815, the joyful tidings reached the 
United States that a treaty of peace had been signed at 
Ghent {gent, not jent) on the 24th of December, 1814. 
The two great points of dispute — the encroachments upon 
American commerce, and the impressment of American 
seamen — were left untouched by the treaty. The omis- 
sion, however, was not important, inasmuch as, by the 
termination of the European war, all encroachments upon 
American commerce ceased ; and, by the great success of 
the American navy, the impressment question was effectu- 
ally disposed of 

57. War avith Algiers. — In 1795 a treaty was made 
with Algiers, in which it was stipulated that an annual 
tribute should be paid to that power, to secure American 
vessels from seizure by the Algerines. The tribute was 

54. By whom, and why were persons opposed to the war ? 

55. Give what account you can of the Hartford Convention. 

56. When did liostilities between Great Britain and the United States cease ? 
In what respect was the treaty incomplete ? What rendered the omission of no 
consequence ? 

57. What treaty was made in 179.5 ? How lon,^ did the United States pay the 
tribute ? What practice did the Algerines resume ? 



130 Madison's administration. 



accordingly paid until 1812, when the Algerines, believ- 
ing that the Americans, because of their war with the 
English, would not be able to protect their commerce, 
resumed their old practice of piracy against United States 
vessels. 

58. After peace with England was established, a naval 
force, commanded by Decatur, was sent to the Mediter- 
ranean. Decatur captured the largest frigate in the Al- 
gerine navy, and another vessel with more than five hun- 
dred prisoners, and then appeared before Algiers. The 
terrified Dey was compelled to liberate the American 
prisoners in his hands, and relinquish all claim to tribute 
from the United States for the future. Decatur also made 
satisfactory treaties with Tunis and Tripoli. 

59. The charter of the first Bank of the United States 
having expired in 1811, a second bank of the same name 
Avas incorporated in 1816. During Madison's adminis- 
tration two states were added to the Union : — Louisiana, 
previously the Territory of Orleans, in 1812 ; and Indiana, 
formerly a part of the Korthwest Territory, in 1816. 



CHRONOLOGICAL RECAPITULATION. 

1809. James Madison was inaugurated President March 4. 

1811. The U. S. frigate President defeated the Little Belt.. May 16. 
Harrison gained a victory at Tippecanoe , Nov. 7. 

1812. Louisiana was admitted into the Union April 8. 

United States proclaimed war against Great Britam.June 19. 

General Hull made an invasion of Canada. July 13. 

Fort Mackinaw was surrendered to the British July 17. 

The British defeated the Americans near BroAvnstown. Aug. 5. 
The Americans defeated the British near Brownstown . Aug. 9. 
The American frigate Essex captured the Alert Aug. 13. 

58. Upon Avhat expedition was Decatur sent ? Give an account of Decatur's 
successes. 

59. What is said of the Bank of the United States ? What is said of Louis- 
iana ? Of Indiana ? 



Madison's administration. 131 



1812. Hull surrendered Detroit to Brock Aug. 16. 

American frigate Constitution took tlie Guerriere. . .Aug. 19. 

The Americans were defeated at Queenstown Oct. 13. 

The American sloop Wasp captured the Frolic Oct. 18. 

American frigate United States took the Macedonian . Oct. 25. 
The American frigate Constitution took the Java. , .Dec. 29. 

1813. Winchester was defeated at French town Jan. 22. 

The American sloop Hornet captured the Peacock. .Feb. 24. 

The Americans captured York (now Toronto) April 27. 

Proctor laid siege to Fort Meigs May 1. 

Harrison and Clay defeated Proctor at Fort Meigs May 5, 

The Americans, under Dearborn, took Fort George. May 27. 

Brown repulsed the British at Sackett's Harbor May 29. 

The British frigate Shannon took the Chesapeake June 1. 

Croghan repulsed the British at Fort Stephenson .... Aug. 2. 

The British sloop Pelican captured the Argus Aug. 14. 

Creek War began by the massacre at Fort Minis . . . Aug. 30. 
The American brig Enterprise captured the Boxer. .Sept. 5. 
Perry gained his victory over Barclay on Lake Erie . . Sept. 10. 
Harrison defeated Proctor at the battle of the Thames. . Oct. 5. 
Battle of Williamsburg or Chrysler's Field was fought . Nov. 11. 

1814. The battle of Tohopeka ended the Creek War. .. .March 27. 

Two British vessels captured the Essex March 28. 

The British defeated Wilkinson at La Colle March 30. 

Scott and Ripley captured Fort Erie July 3. 

Brown defeated the British at Chippewa July 5. 

Battle of Lundy's Lane or Bridgewater was fought. .July 25. 
The Americans repulsed the British at Fort Erie. . .Aug. 15. 

Ross defeated the Americans at Bladensburg Aug. 24. 

Ross entered Washington and fired public buildings . Aug. 24. 
MacDonough defeated the British on L. Champlain. .Sept. 11. 

Macomb defeated the British at Plattsburg Sept. 11 

Battle of North Point, near Baltimore, was fought. .Sept. 12. 
The Americans repulsed British fleet at Ft. McHenry . Sept. 13. 
The Americans repulsed the British at Fort Bowyer. Sept. 15. 
Brown made a sortie upon British works at Ft. Erie. . Sept. 17. 
Jackson compelled the British to leave Pensacola . . . Nov. 7. 
British squadron on Lake Borgne capt'd U. S. flotilla. Dec. 14. 

The delegates to the Hartford Convention met Dec. 15. 

The treaty of peace was signed at Ghent Dec. 24. 

1815. Jackson defeated the British at New Orleans Jan. 8 



132 



MADISON S ADMINISTRATION. 



1815. Congress declared war against Algiers March 2. 

Decatur was sent against the Algerines -May 21. 

1816. The Bank of U. S. was rechartered for twenty years . April 10. 
Indiana was admitted into the Union Dec, 11, 



PRINCIPAL NAVAL BATTLES OF THE SECOND WAR WITH 
ENGLAND. 

* Tlie asterisk indicates the successful party. 



1812. 
Aug. 13, 

Aug. 19, 

Oct. 18, 

Oct. 25, 

Dec. 29, 

1813. 
Feb. 24, 

June 1, 

Aug. 14, 

Sept. 5, 

Sept. 10, 
j 1814. 

i Mar. 28, 

j Apr. 29, 

! June 28, 

i 

j Sept. 1, 

! Sept. 11, 

i Dec. 14, 
I 1815. 
I Jan. 15, 

Feb. 20, 

Mar. 23, 



WHERE rOUGHT. 



COMMANDERS. 



Off Newfoundland ... \ 



Off Massachusetts ... 
Off North Carolina . . 
Near Canary Islands. 
Off San Salvador .... 



Am. Frig. Essex 

Br. Sloop Alert 

Am. Frig. Constitution 

Br. Frig. Guerriere 

Am. Sloop Wasp 

Br. Brig Frolic 

Am. Frig United States. . . 

Br. Frig. Macedonian 

Am. Frig. Constitution. .. 
Br. Frig. Java 



Porter.* 

Laugharnc. 

Hull.* 

Dacres. 

Jones.* 

Whinyates. 

Decatur.* 

Carden. 

Bainbridge.* 

Lambert. 



Off 



T^„_„ „ ( Am. Sloop Hornet ! Lawrence.* 

Demarara ■{ vt^ -r,...^ P^o^^r-t t.ool.« 



Massachusetts Bay., 
British Channel . . . 
Off coast of Maine . . . 
Lake Erie , 



Br. Briij Peacock. 

Am. Frig. Chesapeake 

Br. Frig^ Shannon 

Am. Brig Argus , 

Br. Sloop Pelican 

Am. Brig Enterprise 

Br. Brig Boxer 

Am. 9 vessels, 54 guns 

Br. 6 vessels, (53 guns 



Am. Frig. Essex . . . 

j Br. Brig Phoebe 

Br. Sloop Cherub... 
Am. Sloop Peacock 
Br. Brig Epervier . , 
Am. Sloop Wasp . . . 
Br. Sloop Reindeer, 

Near Africa \ ^^^S^A^^^^P" ' " 



Harbor of Valparaiso • 

Off coast of Florida.. 
Near British Channel 



Lake Champlain - | g^"j 



Br. Sloop Avon 

Am. 14 vessels, 86 guns. 



Peake. 

Lawrence. 

Broke.* 

Allen. 

Maples.* 

Burrows.* 

Blytlie. 

Perry.* 

Barclay. 



Porter. 

Hillyar.* 

Tucker. 

Warrington. 

Wales. 

Blakely.* 

Manners. 

Blakely.* 

Arbutlinot. 

McDonough 

Downie. 



vessels, 95 guns 

T oi^o R^rrmo J i Am. 5 gunboats Jones. 

LakeBorgne / | Br. 40 barges Lockyer.* 

Decatur. 

Haves.* 

SteVart.* 

Falcon. 

Douglass. 

Biddle.* 

Dickenson. 



Off New Jersey j 

Off Island of Madeira < 
Off Brazil \ 



Am. Frig. President . . . 

Br. (Squadron) 

Am. Frig. Constitution , 

Br. Ship Cyane 

Br. Ship Levant. 

Am. Sloop Hornet 

Br. Brig Penguin 



MADISON S ADMINISTKATION. 



133 



PRINCIPAL LAND BATTLES OP THE SECOND WAR WITH 
ENGLAND. 

* The asterisk indicates the successful partj'. 



r 




COMMANDERS. 


1 

MEN ENGAGED. 




American, j British. 


Amor'n! British. 


1312. 
Aug. 5, 

Aug. 9,] 

Oct. 13, 

1813. 
Jan. 22, 
April 27, 
May 5, 
May 29, 
Aug. 2, 
Oct. 5, 
Nov. 11, 

1814. 
Mar. 30, 
July 5, 
July 25, 
Aug. 15, 
Aug. 24, 
Sept. 11, 
Sept. 12, 
Sept. 13, 
Sept. 15, 
Sept. 17, 
Dec. 23, 

1815. 
Jan. 8, 


Brownstown 

Maguaga, or 2d of 

Brownstown 

Queenstown 


Van Horn j Tecumseh*. . 

j- Miller* Tecumseh... 

Van Rensselaer Brock* 

i 


200 

600 

1,200 


600 

900 j 

2,500 1 


Frenchtown 

York 

Fort Meigs 

Sackett's Harbor.. 
Fort Stephenson . . 

Thames 

Chrysler's Field . . . 

La Colle 


Winchester 

Pike* 


Proctor* 

Sheaffe .... 


800 
1.700 
1.200 
1,000 

1.50 
2..500 
1,200 


1,500 i 

1,500 

2,000 

1,000 

1.300 

2.000 

2,000 


Clay* 


Proctor 

Prevost 

Proctor 

Proctor 

Morrison 


Brown* 

Croghan* 

Harrison* 

Boyd 


Wilkinson .... 

Brown* 

Brown* 

Gaines* 

Winder 

Macomb* 

Strieker 

Armistead*.... 

Lawrence* 

Brown* 

Jackson 


Hancock* 

Riall 

Drummond. . 
Drummond. . 

Ross* 

Prevost 

Brooke* 

Cochrane. . . . 

Nicholls 

Drummond . 
Keane 


4,000 
1,900 
3,500 
2,500 
3,500 
3.000 
2,000 
1,000 
120 
2,500 
2,000 


2.000 
2,100 
5.000 
5,000 
5,000 
14.000 
5.000 
16 ships 

3,500 
2,500 


Chippewa 

Lundy's Lane 

Fort Erie (assault) . 

Bladensbnrg 

Plattsburg 

North Point 

Fort McHenry 

Fort Bowyer 

Fort Erie (sortie).. 
9 miles from N. O. 


New Orleans 


Jackson* Pakenham. . . 6,000 


12,000 



REVIEW QUESTIONS. 

PAGE 

Name the first ten important events of Madison's administration 130 

Give an account of the events of 1811 114 

What were the causes of the second war with England ? Ill, 115 

Give an account of the expedition under General Hull . 115, 116 

Give an account of General Van Rensselaer's campaign 110 

What account can you give of General Brock ? 116 

Give an account of the action between the Alert and Essex 117, 132 

Of the action between the Constitution and Guerriere 117, 132 

Of the action between the United States and Macedonian 117, 132 

Of the action between the Constitution and Java 117 

Now state, in chronological order, the naval events of 1812 117, 132 

Name, in chronological order, thirteen important events of 1812 130, 131 



134 EEYIEW QUESTIONS. 



PAGK 

13. State what you can of General Winchester 118 

14. When, where, and whj^ was Fort Meigs built ? 118 

15. Give the further history of Fort Meigs 118, 119 

IG. State what you can in relation to Major Croghan 119 

17. State what you can in relation to Commodore Perry 119 

18. Give an account of Tecumseh 114, 1^0 

19. Give an account of General Harrison 114, 118, 119, 120 

20. Give a full account of the Creek War 120, 121 

21. What movement did Dearborn make in April, 1813 ? 121 

22. State what you can in relation to General Pike 121 

23. What success did Dearborn afterward have ? 121 

24. Now, give a full account of Dearborn's part in the war 118-121 

25. Give a full account of Wilkinson's part in the war 122-124 

2<). Of the action between the Chesapeake and the Shannon 122, 123, 132 

27. Give an account of the career of the Argus 123, 132 

28. Of the action between the Enterprise and the Boxer 123, 132 

29. Name, in order, five naval events of 1813 132 

30. Name, in order, fifteen important events of 1813 131 

SI. State how the Americans captured Fort Erie 124 

32. Give a full account of the battle of Chippewa 124, 133 

33. Give a full account of the battle of Lundy's Lane 124, 133 

34. Give, as far as you can, the history of Fort Erie 124, 125 

35. State all you can in relation to General Brown 121, 123-125 

36. Give an account of the Battle of Lake Champlain 125, 132 

37. Give an account of the battle of Plattsburg 125, 133 

38. State what you can in relation to Sir George Prevost 121, 125 

39. Give an account of naval affairs during 1814 125, 126, 128 

40. How and when did General Ross commence operations ? . . 12(i 

41. Give an account of his march from Benedict to Washington 126 

42. Of his acts at Washington, and death near Baltimore 126, 127 

43. Now give the whole account in relation to Ross . 126, 127 

44. State what is said in connection with Pensacola 127, 128 

45. Give an account of the expedition against Fort Bowyer 127 

46. Of Pakenham's movements in December, 1814 128 

47. Of the disaster to the Americans on Lake Borgne 128 

48. Of the defeat and death of Pakenham 128 

49. Now give the full account of Pakenham's expedition 128 

50. Give the history and doings of the Hartford Convention 129 

51. Give the particulars in relation to the treaty of peace 129 

52. Name six naval events of 1814 132 

53. Name, in order, nineteen important events of that year 131 

54. Name three important events of 1815 131, 132 

55. Give an account of the troubles with Algiers 129, 130 

50. Give a full account of the troubles with the Barbary powers 110, 129, 130 

57. Give the history of Louisiana 110, 128, 130 

58. How did Louisiana get its name ? Ans. The whole country watered 

by the Mississippi was taken possession of by the French, in 1682, 
and named Louisiana, in honor of the French king, Louis XIV. 

59. Whence did Indiana get its name? From the word Indian. It was 

first applied, in 1768, to a grant of land near the Ohio, which a com- 
pany of traders that year obtained from the Indians. 



1817.] Monroe's administkation. 135 



SECTION VII. 

"From the heginning of Monroes Administration to the 
close of Pierce's: 1817 ^o 1857. 

1. Monroe's Administration. — James Monroe, of Vir- 
ginia, Madison's successor in the presidency, was inaugu- 
rated on the 4th of March, 1817 ; and his administration 
*,;ommenced under very favorable circumstances. We 
were at peace with all foreign powers ; our commerce 
rode every sea ; and the strife at home, between the two 
<^reat political parties. Democrats and Federalists, had en- 
tirely ceased. 

2. Toward the close of 1817, the Seminoles [sem' -i-nolz) 
of Florida, joined by other Indians, commenced depreda- 
tions on the frontier settlements of Georgia. At first 
Gen. Gaines, and, afterward. Gen. Jackson, was sent 
against them. Being convinced that the Indians had 
been instigated to hostilities by persons in Florida, Jack- 
won marched into that province, though, at the time, it 
belonged to Spain ; seized the fort at St. Mark's ; hung 
two instigators of the war, both British subjects; and sent 
Ihe authorities of Pensacola to Havana. 

3. This having led to difficulties between the govern- 
ments of Spain and the United States, a treaty was finally 
made in 1819, by which Florida was ceded to the United 
States, but Spain did not surrender possession of the ter- 
ritory before 1821. The Mississippi Territory, embracing 

1. When was Monroe inaugurated president? In Mhat condition was tiie 
country at that time ? 

2. Give an account of the troubles in Florida. 

3. State how Florida came into the possession of the United States. Where 
is St. Marlvs ';• (p. 174.) What is said of the state of Mississippi ? 



136 Monroe's administration. [isit. 



the present states of Alabama and Mississippi, was di- 
vided in 1817, and the western portion admitted into the 
Union as the State of Mississippi. 

1. Illinois, which, np to 1800, was a part of the Xortli- 
west Territory ; and then, till 1809, formed with Indiana 
the Indiana Territory ; and subsequently, by itself, was 
the Illinois Territory ; became a state in 1818. Alabama 
was admitted in 1819. In 1820, ]\[aine, Avhich had up to 
that time been a district of Massachusetts, was organized 
as a state, and admitted into the Union. 

5. The most important CA^ent during Monroe's admin- 
istration was the controversy preceding the admission of 
Missouri into the Union. The states of the Nortli op- 
posed its admission as a slave-state, while those of the 
South favored such admission. 

6. In Congress the debate Avas long and violent ; but 
at length, in 1820, a bill, known as the "Missouri Com- 
promise," was passed, by which it was declared that, witli 
the exception of Missouri, slavery should be prohibited 
in the territory of the United States north of the parallel 
3G° 30', and w^est of the Mississi23pi. Under this com- 
promise, Missouri, with a constitution permitting slavery, 
was admitted into the Union in 1821. 

7. An important event of Monroe's administration was 
the recognition of the independence of the South Ameri- 
can republics. In his annual message of 1823, Monroe 
declared that the American continents " are henceforth 
not to be considered as subjects for future colonization by 
any European power." This is known as the " Monroe 
Doctrine." 



4. What is said of Illinois ? Of Alabama ? Of Maine ? 

5. What ^vas the most important event during Monroe's administration? 
How were the states divided ? 

6. When was the Missouri Compromise Act passed? What declaration was 
made in the act ? When was Missouri admitted into the Fnion ? 

7. What other important event of Monroe's administration is mentioned? 
Wliat is the Monroe Doctrine ? 



18^5.1 JOHN Q. ADAMs's ADMINIHTKATION. 137 



8. Ill the summer of 1824, Lafayette arrived on a visit 
to tliis country, as a guest of the nation. His tour 
through the states was everywhere signalized by tokens 
of respect from a grateful people. Four candidates were 
put in nomination to succeed President Monroe. The 
consequence was that, none of them receiving a majority 
of electoral votes, the election went to the House of Rep- 
resentatives, and John Quincy Adams, of Massachusetts, 
was chosen. 

9. Joiix QuixcY Adams's Administration.- — The in- 
auguration of Adams took place on the 4th of March, 
1825. His administration of four years was one of peace, 
and under it the nation made rapid increase in population 
and wealth. 

10. On the fiftieth anniversary of American Independ- 
ence, July the 4t]i, 1826, occurred the deaths of the two 
venerable ex-presidents, John Adams and Thomas Jefter- 
son. When it is recollected that Adams and Jefferson 
were members of the committee to prepare the Decla- 
ration of Indej^endence, that both had been foreign min- 
isters, vice-presidents, and presidents, the coincidence in 
their deaths is indeed remarkable. 

11. The subject of domestic manufactures engaged a 
large share of the president's attention. In 1828 a tariff 
law was passed, based upon the principle of protecting 
home manufactures by imposing heavy duties upon im- 
ported articles of the same kind. This policy, known as 
the Amer'iccm System^ had its friends and opponents then 
as it has now. 

12. Toward the close of the presidential term, the con- 



8. What is said of Lafayette? State liow John Quincy Adams was elected 
president. 

9. When Avas Adams inaugurated ? What is said of his administration ? 

10. When did Jefferson and John Adams die? What coincidence In their 
lives and deaths occurred ? What took place on the 4th of July, just five years 
after? Ans. The death of James Monroe. 

1 1 . What can you state of the tariff policy known as the American pystcm ? 



138 Jackson's administration. [1829. 



test for the succession was carried on with great bittei-- 
ness of party feeling. Adams was a candidate for a sec- 
ond term, but was defeated by Andrew Jackson, of 
Tennessee. John C. Calhoun, of South Carolina, then 
Vice-President, having been elected four years before, 
was again chosen to that office. 

13. Jackson's Administration. — Jackson's inaugura- 
tion took place on the 4th of March, 1829, and he at once 
commenced a series of vigorous measures, which he car- 
ried out for eight years. The practice of removing office- 
holders and appointing political friends of the president, 
Mas begun by Jackson. 

14. In his first annual message to Congress, the new 
president took ground against the renewal of the charter 
of the United States Bank. Notwithstanding the objec- 
tion, Congress, in 1832, passed a bill to re-charter it, but 
Jackson vetoed the bill, and the bank consequently ceased 
to be a national institution when the charter expired. 

15. In 1832 the northwest frontier suffered from Indian 
hostilities. Black Hawk, the most noted of the savages, 
and from whom the contest that followed took its name, 
was taken prisoner. The Indians finally gave up a large 
tract of territory and removed further west. 

16. The tariff law of 1828 caused dissatisfaction among 
the people of the cotton-growing states ; and when, in 
1832, an act w"as passed imposing additional duties on 
foreign goods, the feeling w^as greatly increased. A con- 
vention in South Carolina declared the tariff acts uncon- 
stitutional, and therefore null ; and proclaimed that if any 



1 2. What is stated of the presidential canvass of lvS28 ? Give the result, as re- 
gards both Jarkson and Calhoun. 

1.3. When was Jackson inaus^urated ? What is said of his measures ? What 
IS said of the practice he heoran ? 

14. What is stated in relation to the United States Bank? 

1 ■». Give an account of the Black Hawk War. 

16. What is said of the tariff act of 1828? Of the act of 1832? W^hat was 
done, in consequence, in South Carolina ? 



1835.1 



JACKSON S ADMINISTRATION. 



139 



attempts were made to collect the duties, the state would 
secede from the Union. 

17. Jackson acted with promptness and firmness. He 
sent Gen. Scott to Charleston, and issued a proclamation 
against the " nuUifiers." A "compromise bill," providing 
for the gradual reduction of the duties, was offered by 
Henry Clay, and j^^ssed by Congress. It was accepted 
by Calhoun, Hayne, and the other South Carolina leaders, 
and thus quiet was restored. 

18. Toward the close of 1835, the Seminoles became 
hostile, in consequence of an attempt to remove them to 
lands west of the Missis- 
sippi, in accordance with 
a treaty which had been 
made with some of the 
chiefs, but which others 
did not consider binding. 
Osceola {os-e-o'-la/i), their 
most noted chief, having, 
in his opposition, used 
threateninoj lanQfuajje, Gen. 
Thompson, the govern- 
ment agent, put him in 
irons; but by feigning 

penitence and making promises, he soon obtained his 
liberty. 

19. On the 28th of December, Osceola, resolved upon 
vengeance, approached a house in which Thompson and 
others were dining, and, making a sudden attack, killed 
five of the party, including Thompson. On the same 
day, Major Dade, while marching with more than a hun- 
dred men to join Gen. Clinch, at Fort Drane, was at- 




PART OF FLORIDA. 



1 7. Give the puhseqnent histoi'y of the attempt at " Nnllification.'' 

18. What tronhle? commenced" in 1835? How was Osceola treated? How 
did he resrain his liberty ? 

19. How was Osceola revenged? How was he revenged at Fort Drane? 



140 VAN BUREN's ADMINISTEATION. [1837. 



tacked, and, witli his wliole force except four men, was 
massacred. 

20. A number of battles were fought during the follow- 
ing year ; but in none could the Americans claim a de- 
cided victory. In October, 1837, Osceola appeared in 
the American camp Avith a flag of truce, w^hen Gen. Jessup 
seized the chief, and sent him to Fort Moultrie. Two 
months later, Col. Taylor, afterward president of tlie 
United States, defeated, the Indians near Lake 0-kee-cho'- 
bee, in the most desperate battle of the war ; and though 
they continued hostile till 1842, they never again rallied 
in large force. 

21. Van Buret's Admixistratiox. — Jackson was suc- 
ceeded in the presidency by Martin Van Buren, of New 
York. Van Buren served only one term, or four years, 
extending from the 4th of March, 1837, to the 4th of 
March, 1841. 

22. Soon after his inauguration, a revolution in mone- 
tary affairs took place, producing great distress in all 
branches of business througliout the country. Mercliants 
failed, commerce and manufactures were prostrated, and 
the crash was finally consummated by the suspension of 
specie payments on the part of the banks. 

23. In the latter part of 1837 a rebellion broke out in 
Canada, which enlisted the sympathies and engaged the 
active co-operation of many Americans. A proclamation, 
issued by the president, forbidding interference in the 
affairs of Canada, together with the decided measures of 
the British authorities, had the effect intended, and the 
attempt at insurrection was suppressed. 

20. What is said in relation to the battles fought in 1836 ? What took place 
in October, 1837 ? What further can you say of Osceola ? Ans. He died about 
three months after, while at Fort Moultrie. Give an account of the battle of 
Okeechobee. What were the consequences ? 

21. Who succeeded Jackson in the presidency? When was Van Buren in- 
augurated '? 

22. Give an account of the revolution in momtary affairs. 

23. Give an account of the insurrection in Canada. 



1811.1 Harrison's and tyler's administrations. 141 

24. Harrison's ajjd Tyler's Administrations. — Van 
Biireii's successor in office was William Henry Harrison, 
of Ohio, the " hero of Tippecanoe and the Thames." The 
cabinet of the new president was judiciously chosen, and 
the people anticipated for him a successful administration ; 
but, on the 4th of April, 1841, just one month after his 
inauguration, he died ; and the vice-president, John Tyler, 
on taking the oath of office two days after, became presi- 
dent. 

25. In 1842 serious difficulties occurred in Rhode 
Island, growing out of a movement to substitute a con- 
stitution extending the right of suffrage, in place of the 
charter granted by Charles II., in 1663, and which had 
been the " fundamental law of the land" the greater part 
of two centuries. The "suffrage party" attempted to 
effect the change without regard to existing laws, even 
resorting to force; but the legitimate power prevailed. 
A constitution, the one under which the state is now gov- 
erned, was soon after adopted. 

26. A proposition for the admission of Texas into the 
Union caused an excited discussion throughout the 
country during the closing months of Tyler's administra- 
tion. Those who objected to an increase of the slave- 
power in the government, opposed the proposition ; while 
those who favored such increase, advocated it. Three 
days before the expiration of his term of office, the presi- 
dent signed a bill for the annexation of Texas to the 
United States. 



24. Who succeeded Van Buren in the presidency? When was Harrison 
inaugurated ? What further can you state in relation to Harrison ? When was 
Tyler inausjurated ? 

25. Give an account of the "Dorr Rebellion" in Rhode Island. 

26. What proposition caused excited discussion? How were the people di- 
vided ? What did Tyler do on the Ist of March ? 

26, 27. Who succeeded Tyler in the presidency? When was Polk inau- 
gurated ? State how Texas was made a member of the Union. 



142 haerison's and tyler's administrations. 




IMEXECO, 
CAL IFOR NIA, 
TEXAS &:c. 



1845. 



POLK S ADMIMSTRATION. 



143 



27. War with Mexico. — Polk's Administration. — 
Tyler's successor in office was James K. Polk, who was 
inaugurated on the 4th of March, 1845. His adminis- 
tration continued during only one term, but it was an 
eventful one. On the 4th of July, 1845, the Legislature 
of Texas aj^proved the " annexation bill" passed by the 
United States Congress, and, by this act of approval, 
Texas became one of the United States. 

28. Texas had been 




a province of Mexico, 
but, in consequence 
of the arbitrary pol- 
icy of the Mexican 
rulers, the Texans re- 
volted, and, in 1836, 
set up a government 
of their own. The 
annexation of Texas 
to the United States 
led to a war with Mex- 
ico ; for Mexico still 
claimed Texas as a 
part of her own ter- 
ritory, and consid- 
ered the act of an- 
nexation a sufficient cause of war. 

29. Events of 1846. — For the protection of the new 
state. Gen. Taylor proceeded, by order of President Polk, 



T^TTX OIL'S 
CAMPAI GN 

10 30 50 SO lOO 



28. What can you state of the previous history of Texas ? To what did the 
annexation of Texas lead ? Why did Mexico feel injured ? 

Map Questions.— (Maps, pp. 148, 142.) Into what waters does the Rio 
Grande flow? The Nueces (n?M'-ses) ? What conflicting claims to territory were 
made? Ans. The United States claimed the Rio Grande as their boundary, 
while the Mexicans asserted that the western limits of Texas never extended 
beyond the Nueces. Where is Corpus Christi ? Point Isabel ? Matamoras ? 
Saitillo ? Monterey (Mexico) ? Monterey (California) ? Buena Vista ? Fort Brown ? 
Where was the battle of Palo Alto fought ? Of Resaca de la Palma ? Of Bracito ? 
Of Sacramento ? Where is Tampico ? Leavenworth ? Santa Fe ? New Mexico ? 
California ? Vera Cruz ? Jalapa ? Puebla ? City of Mexico ? 



144 folk's administration. [184C. 

to the Rio Grande (r5'-o grafm-dd), opposite Mat-a-mo'- 
ras, where he erected a fort, which was afterward named 
Fort Brown. Learning that the Mexicans were assem- 
bling troops at a point higher up the river, Taylor sent 
Capt. Thornton, with sixty-three dragoons, to reconnoi- 
tre. This little force was attacked on the 26th of April, 
1846, and, after a loss of sixteen men, was compelled to 
surrender. 

30. The Mexicans, in large force, having crossed the 
Rio Grande, for the purpose, as was supposed, of moving 
ao-ainst Point Isabel, where the Americans had established 
a depot of supplies, Taylor marched to the relief of that 
place. After putting the Point in a good state of defence, 
he set out on his return to the river. 

31. His progress was disputed at Palo Alto i^paK-lo 
ahl'-to) and Resaca de la Palma [rd-sah'-kah dd lah pahl'- 
mah) by Gen. Arista {ah-rees' -tah) ; but, in both battles, 
the Mexicans were defeated with severe loss. In the first, 
fought on the 8th of May, the Mexicans numbered six 
thousand men, while the Americans consisted of but 
twenty-three hundred. The loss of the former exceeded 
five hundred. That of the latter was scarcely fifty, but 
among their mortally wounded was the brave Major 
Ring '-gold. 

32. The battle of Resaca de la Palma took place on the 
following day. May 9th. The action w^as commenced on 
both sides by the artillery, but the Mexican guns, well 
aimed and rapidly discharged, were holding the Americans 
in check, when Capt. May was ordered to silence them. 
At the head of his dragoons he charged with great fury. 



29. What order did Polk send to Taylor? Why was the order given ? Give 
an account of the misfortune to Thornton. (Rio Grande is often pronounced 
rV-o grand.) 

30. Why did the Mexicans cross the Rio Grande ? How did Taj'lor antici- 
pate them ? 

31. Give an account of the battle of Palo Alto. 

31, 32. Give an account of the battle of Resaca de la Palma. 



1846.1 folk's administration. 145 

killed or dispersed the gunners, and captured Gen. La 
Vega {lah vd'-ga/i). 

33. During the most of Taylor's absence from the fort 
on the Rio Grande, a period of nearly eight days, it had 
been subjected to a bombardment from the enemy's bat- 
teries at Matamoras. The garrison made a successful 
defence, though their heroic commander. Major Brown, 
was mortally wounded by the bursting of a shell. 

34. On the 18th of May, Taylor took possession of 
Matamoras, and in August he marched to attack Monterey 
()/iO/i-ta-7'a), a city strong in its natural defences, and then 
garrisoned by ten thousand troops under Gen. Ampudia 
(cmi-poo'-de-a/t). After a series of assaults, in w^hicli 
Generals Worth and Quitman rendered brilliant service, 
Monterey capitulated on the 24th of September, and 
Taylor agreed to an armistice. 

35. Having received orders from Washington directing 
him to renew offensive operations, Taylor sent a division 
of his army, under Gen. Worth, to Saltillo (sahl-teel'-t/d). 
Here Worth was joined by Gen. Wool, who, with an 
army of three thousand men, had marched from San 
An-to'-ni-o, designing to penetrate Chihuahua {che-ioah!- 
icah), but, after crossing the Rio Grande, had been or- 
dered to abandon the design. In November, Commodore 
Conner, commanding the American fleet in the Gulf of 
Mexico, captured Tampico {tam-pe'-ho). 

36. In an expedition which set out from Leavenworth, 
Gen. Kearny {kar'-7ie) entered Santa Fe and gained pos- 
session of the whole of New Mexico without opposition. 
After organizing a government, he left the main body of 



.^3. What, meanwhile, took place at Fort Brown ? 

34. What city did Taylor then take possession of? Against what city did 
he afterward march ? Give an account of his success at Monterey. 

3.5. By whom was Saltillo occupied? What march had Wool porfonned ? 
What did Wool do after his march ? What can you say of the capture of Tam- 
pico? 

36. Give an account of Kearny's successes. 



146 pole's administration. [1841. 



his army under Col. Don'-i-phaii, and crossed the conti- 
nent to California. 

37. With less than a thousand men, Doniphan start- 
ing from Santa Fe, marched more than a thousand 
miles, and arrived at Saltillo. During the march he 
fought two battles, and was victorious in both. The first 
was at Bracito (hrah-se'-to)^ December 25th ; and the 
second was at the Sacramento {sak-rah-men!-to), February 
28th, 1847. 

38. Before the breaking out of the war. Captain Fre- 
mont' was sent to make western explorations. After suf- 
fering great hardships, he made his way into California, 
then a department of Mexico. Learning that Gen. Cas'- 
tro, the governor of the province, was mustering a force 
to come against him, he took a position on a mountain 
peak, thirty miles east of Monterey, where, in March, 
1846, he built a fort and hoisted the American flag. But 
the governor made threats instead of attacks. 

39. Taking a northern route, Fremont passed through 
the valley of the Sacramento, but was overtaken by an 
order from Washington, directing him to protect the in- 
terests of the United States in California. Retracing his 
steps, he found Castro already marching against the 
American settlements on the Sacramento. The settlers 
flocked to his standard with such alacrity, that he soon 
found himself able to confront the Mexicans, whom he 
defeated in several skirmishes, and finally compelled to 
retreat toward the southern part of the province. 

40. On the 5th of July, 1846, California was declared 
to be independent. A few days later, Commodore Slote, 

37. Give an account of Doniphan's successes. 

38. On what expedition had Fremont been sent? Give an account of liis 
first troubles in California. 

39. Give an account of Fremont's successes in California. 

40. What declaration was made by the American settlers in California ? 
V/hat did Commodore Slote do? What further is said in relation to Slote, 
Stockton, Fremont, and Kearnv:' 



1847.J folk's administration. 147 



commanding the Pacific fleet, having received informa- 
tion that liostilities had commenced on the Rio Grande, 
took possession of Monterey. Toward the hitter part of 
the month, Commodore Stockton superseded Slote in com- 
mand ; and, with Fremont's co-operation, in a few months 
gained possession of the whole of California. Kearny 
arrived and took part in the final battle, January 8th, 
1847. 

41. Events of 1847. — It havhig been decided by the 
authorities in Washington, that, in order to "conquer a 
peace," the Mexican capital would have to be menaced, 
Gen. Scott was sent to march through Mexico against 
the capital. This plan not only deprived Taylor of a 
large portion of his best troops, but it gave to Scott the 
chief command of the American forc^es, he being the 
senior officer. 

42. Taylor's last engagement in Mexico w^as the battle 
of Buena Vista {hwa-nah vees'-tah)^ fought on the 23d of 
Feb., 1847. His force of less than five thousand men was 
attacked by one nearly four times as large, under Gen. Santa 
Anna ; but, after a contest which lasted from morning till 
night, the Mexicans were driven in disorder from the field. 

43. On the 9th of March, Scott landed his army of 
twelve thousand men near Vera Cruz, and, on the 2 2d, 
aided by the fleet, he opened so destructive a fire upon 
the city and the fortress of San Juan de Ulloa (samohahn 
da ool-i/o'-ah), that, on the 27th, both jjlaces were com- 
pelled to surrender. 

44. The march tow^ard the interior w^as commenced on 
the 8tli of April, but, at the mountain pass of Cerro Gordo 
{sdr'-ro r/or'-dO), Scott found Santa Anna prepared to resist 



41. What plan of action was decided upon in Washintrton ? How did this 
affect, Taylor ? 

42 Give an account of the battle of Buena Vista. 
43. Give an account of Scott's success at Vera Cruz. 



148 



POLK 8 ADMINISTRATION. 



[1847. 



his advance. On the mornhig of the 18th, a daring assault 

was made upon the 
works of tlie enemy, 
and, before noon, 
the whole were in 
possession of the 
Americans. Besides 
losing their artillery, 
the Mexicans had 
one thousand of their 
number killed or 
wounded. 

45. On the next 
day the Americans 
entered Jalapa {hah- 
laJi-paK) ; further on 
they took, without 
opposition, the 
15 th 




SCOTT'S 
CAM PAI GN 



strong castle 



of Perote {pCi-ro' -td) ; and, on the 
of May, they occupied the ancient and populous city of 
Puebla {2^oo-a'-hlah). Here they halted nearly three 
months for re-enforcements, and then resumed their 
march, reaching Ayotla {ah-yot'-lah)^ a town fifteen miles 
from the city of Mexico. 

46. Finding that the direct route thence was strongly 
fortified, and anxious to spare the lives of his men, Scott 
turned southward, and encamped at San Augustin [sou 
mc-g US-teen'), about ten miles from the capital. The ap- 
proaches to the city of Mexico thence were guarded by 



Map Questions.— How is Vera Cruz situated ? W^liat fort protects the city ? 
On the national road from Vera Cruz to Mexico, what towns do you pass 
through ? In what direction is the city of Mexico from San Augustin ? From 
San Antonio ? From Contreras ? From Churubusco ? From Chapultepec ? 

44. Give an account of Scotfs march to and success at Cerro Gordo. 

45. Give an account of Scotfs success from Cerro Gordo to Ayotla. 

46. What route did Scott take from Ayotla ? Why did he change his route ? 
Where did he encamp ? How, thence, were the approaches to the city of Mexico 
guarded ? 



1847.1 folk's administration. - 149 

batteries at Contreras {con-trd' -ras) and San Antonio, and 
by the strong forts of Ohurubusco (choo-roo-boos'-ko) and 
Chapultepec {c/iah-pool-td-pek'). 

41. At sunrise, on the 20th of August, the Americans 
attacked Contreras, and, in less than twenty minutes, car- 
ried the batteries. They were also successful at San An- 
tonio. On the same day Churubusco was attacked : the 
defence was obstinate, and the conflict bloody, but, at 
length, the Mexicans were driven from the fort and com- 
pelled to flee. 

48. At the request of Santa Anna, an armistice was 
granted, during which Scott endeavored to bring about 
a peace ; but finding that the Mexican commander was 
violating the truce by strengthening his defences, he or- 
dered Gen. Worth to storm the Molino del Rey (nio-le- 
no del rci), an outer defence of Chapultepec. Tlie attack 
was made on the 8th of September, and, although the 
Mexicans defended themselves desperately, inflicting a 
loss of six hundred upon their assailants, they were driven 
from their position. 

49. Chapultepec itself, a strongly fortified castle, situ- 
ated on a lofty hill, was yet to be taken before the cajjital 
could be reached. Batteries were erected to bear upon 
it : from these a fire was opened which made breaches 
through the stone wall defences, and, on the 18th of Sep- 
tember, the place was carried by assault. During the 
night Santa Anna and his army fled from the capital, and, 
on the following morning, September 14th, Scott made a 
triumphant entry into it. 

50. The Mexicans, taking advantage of the weakness 
of the garrison which Scott had left at Puebla, laid siege 

47. What three successes did the Americans have in one day ? 

48. What request did Santa Anna make? How did Scott endeavor to im- 
prove the armistice ? Why did he order Worth to malvc an attack ? Give an 
account of Worth's success. 

49. Give an account of the success against Cliapultepec. What were tlic 
immediate consequences of tlie victory ? 



150 Taylor's AND Fillmore's ADMiNisTPiATioNH. [i848. 



to the place ; and Santa Anna, after his flight from the 
capital, joined the besiegers. Learning, however, that 
recruits were on their marcli to re-enforce Scott, he at- 
tacked them, but, as usual, met with defeat, and the siege 
of Puebla was raised. 

51. On the 2d of February, 1848, a treaty of peace 
Avas signed, by which all the territory north of the 
Rio Grande, together with the whole of New Mexico 
and California, was relinquished to the United States. 
On the part of the United States, it was agreed that 
115,000,000 should be paid for the territory acquired, and 
that debts due from Mexico to American citizens, amount- 
ing to .^3,000,000, should be assumed. Peace was pro- 
claimed by President Polk, on the 4th of July, 1848. 

52. Taylor's and Fillmore's Admixlstrations. — 
Polk's successor in the presidency was Gen. Zachary Tay- 
lor, the hero who had achieved such brilliant victories in 
the war with Mexico. Ilis inauguration took place on 
the 5th of March, 1849, the 4th being Sunday. 

53. During the early part of 1848, gold began to be 
found in California in large quantities. The news at once 
spread with wonderful rapidity, and thousands of emi- 
grants from all parts of the w^orld rushed thither. So 
rapidly did the territory become popuLated, that in the 
fall of 1849, there was a suflicient number of settlers there 
to constitute a state; and an application for admission 
into the Union was consequently made. 

54. As the constitution which California had adopted 



50. What took place at Puebla? Give an account of Santa Anna's last 
doleat. 

51. How was the war hroujirht to a close? What territory did the United 
States acquire ? What did the United States agree to do in return ? What 
States were added to the Union during Polk's administration ? A7is. Texas, 
Iowa, and Wisconsin. 

52. Who. next after Polk, was president of the United States ? When was 
Taylor inaugurated? 

53. What excitement, with regard to California, soon broke out ? What is 
said of tile growth of California ? "What application to Congress was made by 
the C;ali!bniians '? 



± lAV^vjiTEiOOl VPi lVjL^rr>, 1\.*5. 




East of the Mssissippi 



m Til ^im^€mmmm mm. 



15 loji^. IroTn lo WaslViSt 



Perd.MayerS.Co.LithoorjphiTs,9iiFiiltonStJ\'.Y 



1850.1 Pierce's administration 151 



excluded slavery from her territory, a violent dispute com- 
menced in Congress, and throughout the United States, 
which continued several months, the friends of the slave- 
power opposing the admission of California as a free state. 
Before the dispute was settled. Gen. Taylor died, after an 
administration of only one year, four months, and four 
days ; and the vice-president, Millard Fillmore, thereupon, 
became president. 

55. Other questions, growing out of the subject of ^sla- 
very, having been introduced into Congress, five acts were 
passed in conformity with the spirit of a compromise of- 
fered by Henry Clay. These provided for the admission 
of California as a free state ; the organization of territo- 
rial governments for New Mexico and Utah (i/oo'-tah), 
without mention of slavery; the establishment of the 
boundary of Texas ; the abolition of the i^lave-trade in the 
District of Columbia , and the surrender to their masters 
of slaves escaping to free states — this last bill being known 
as the " Fugitive Slave Law." 

56. Pierce's Administration. — During the administra- 
tion of Franklin Pierce, w^ho succeeded to the presidency 
on the 4th of March, 1858, the controversy between the 
slaveholdinor and non-slaveholding^ sections of the Union 
was renewed, the one being in favor of and the other op- 
posed to the extension of slavery into the territories of the 
United States. 

57. This fresh outbreak had its origin mainly with Con- 
gress, in the introduction there of what is known as the 
" Kansas-Nebraska Bill." By the " Missouri Compromise 

54. What dispute of national Importance soon occurred ? What loss did the 
nation sustain at that time ? Who, then, became president ? 

55. Give a full account of what was done before California gained admission 
to the Union ? Now, repeat the provisions of the Ave acts. By what name 
Avas Mr. Clay's bill known ? Am. The Omnibus Bill. 

56. Who succeeded Fillmore in the presidency ? Wh^n was Pierce inau- 
gurated ? How did the slavery question in another shape appear? 

57. Wh;it was the orii,nn of the new outbreak? Give the history of the 
4raub!(!. 



152 Pierce's administration. [1854. 



Bill," passed in 1820, slavery was prohibited in all the 
territory bought of France, north of the southern bound- 
ary of Missouri — Missouri excepted. By the " Kansas- 
Nebraska Bill," which Congress passed in 1854, this pro- 
hibition was repealed, and the two territories of Kansas 
and Nebraska were duly organized. 

58. No sooner had the bill passed than emigrants from 
both sections of the Union began to j^our into Kansas, 
tho^e from the North being determined to make it a tree 
state, while those from the South were equally resolved 
the other way ; and with such undue zeal was the strife 
carried on, that frequent collisions took place, in which 
blood was sometimes shed. 

59. As the time for the next presidential election ap- 
proached, three candidates were put in nomination. James 
Buchanan was the choice of the Democratic party; Mil- 
lard Fillmore, of the American; and John C. Fremont, 
of the organization opposed to the extension of slavery, 
known as the Republican party. After an exciting can- 
vass, during which the repeal of the "Compromise of 
1820," the troubles in Kansas, and the "Fugitive Slave 
Law," entered largely into the subjects of discussion, 
Buchanan was elected. 



CHRONOLOGICAL RECAPITULATION. 

1817. James Monroe was inaugurated president March 4. 

Mississippi was admitted into the Union Dec. 10. 

The Seminoles commenced depredations. 

1818. .lackson went against the Seminoles March. 

Illinois was admitted into the Union Dec. 8. 

1819. Ahibama was admitted into the Union Dec. 14. 

1820. Mahie was admitted into the Union March 15. 

.18. Oive an account of the strife ll.at followed. 

.59. What candidate? were nominated to succeed Pierce? Give an account 
of the canvass. What was the result of the election? 



CHRONOLOGICAL RECAPITULATION. 153 



1820. The "Missouri Compromise Bill" was passed March 3. 

1831. Spain surrendered Florida to the United States July 1. 

Missouri was admitted into the Union Aug. 20. 

1824. Lafayette visited the United States Aug. 15. 

1825. John Quincy Adams was inaugurated president. . . March 4. 

1826. John Adams and Thomas Jeflferson died July 4. 

1829. Andrew Jackson was inaugurated president March 4. 

1832. The Black Hawk War occurred. 

South Carolina declared the doctrine of Nullification. Nov. 24. 

1835. The war with the Seminoles commenced Dec. 28. 

Seminoles massacred Thompson's and Dade's party. .Dec. 28. 

1836. Arkansas was admitted into the Union June 15. 

1837. Michigan was admitted into the Union Jan. 26. 

Martin Van Buren was inaugurated president March 4. 

Taylor defeated the Indians at Okeechobee Dec. 25. 

1841. William Henry Harrison was inaugurated president . March 4. 

The death of President Harrison occurred April 4. 

John Tyler was inaugurated president April 6. 

1842. The war with the Seminoles terminated. 

The Dorr Rebellion in Rhode Island occurred. 

1845. Tyler signed the bill for the annexation of Texas.. .March 1. 

Florida was admitted into the Union March 3. 

James K. Polk was inaugurated president March 4. 

Texas was admitted into the Union Dec. 29. 

1846. The Mexicans captured Thornton's party April 26. 

The Mexicans bombarded Fort Brown . May. 

Taylor defeated the Mexicans at Palo Alto May 8. 

Tajdor defeated the Mexicans at Resaca de la Palma. .May 9. 
Congress declared " war existed by the actof Mexico".May 11. 
Taylor crossed the Rio Grande and took Matamoras . May 18. 

Taylor defeated the Mexicans at Monterey Sept. 24. 

Doniphan defeated the Mexicans at Bracito Dec. 25. 

Iowa was admitted into the Union Dec. 28. 

1847 Taylor defeated the Mexicans at Buena Vista Feb. 23. 

Doniphan defeated the Mexicans at Sacramento Feb. 28. 

The Mexicans surrendered Vera Cruz to Scott March 27. 

Scott defeated the Mexicans at Cerro Gordo April 18. 

Scott took Contreras and Churubusco Aug. 20. 

The Americans Avere victorious at INIolino Del Re3^ . Sept. 8. 

The Americans were victorious at Chapultepec Sept. 13. 

Scott entered the city of Mexico Sept. 14. 



154 

1848. 

1849. 
1850. 



1853. 
1854. 



CHRONOLOGICAL RECAPITULATION. 



A treaty was made between the U. S. and Mexico . . . Feb. 2. 

Wisconsin was admitted into the Union May 29. 

Zachaiy Taylor was inaugurated president March 5. 

The death of President Taylor occurred July 9. 

Millard Fillmore was inaugurated president July 10. 

California was admitted into the Union Sept. 9. 

Franklin Pierce was inaugurated president March 4. 

Congress passed the Kansas-Nebraska Bill May 31. 



PRINCIPAL BATTLES OF THE WAR WITH MEXICO. 

(The Americans •were successful in every battle.) 



DATES. 
1846. 

May 8, . 
May 9, 
Sept. 24, 
Dec. 25, 

1847. 
Feb. 23, 

Feb. 28. 
March 27. 
April 18, 

•Aug. 20, ] 

, Sept. 8. 
Sept. 13, 
• Oct. 9, 


BATTLES. 


COMMANDERS. 


FORCES ENGAGED. 


American. 


Mexican. 


Amer'ni Mex'n 


Palo Alto 


Tavlor .... 
Taylor .... 
Taylor .... 
Doniphan.. 

Taylor .... 
Doniphan,. 

Scott 

Scott 

Scott 

Scott 

Worth 

Scott 

Lane 


Arista 


2,300 

2,200 

6.600 

500 


6,000 
5,000 
10,000 
1,200 


Ke!^aca de la Palma 
Monterey 


Arista 

Ampudia 

De Leon 

Santa Anna. . . . 
Trias 




Buena Vista 

Sacramento 


4.700 

900 

12,000 

8..50() 

4,000 

8,000 

3..500 

7,200 

500 


17,000 

4,000 

6,000 

12,000 

7,000 

25,0(30 

14,000 

25,000 

1,000 


Morales 

Santa Anna.... 

Valencia 

Santa Anna.... 

Alvarez 

Bravo 


Cerro Gordo 

Contreras. . . 


Churubupco 

Molino del Rey... 

(Miapultepec 

Iluamantla 


Santa Anna.... 



REVIEW QUESTIONS. 

PAGE 

i. Name three important events of 1817 152 

2. What events happened at Pensacola ? 127, 128, 135 

3. Give the history of Florida 11, 12, 13, 14, 63, 98, 127, 128, 135, 153 

4. What history can you give of the State of Mississippi ? 135, 136; 

5. Give the early history of Illinois 136 

6. Give the early history of Alabama 136 

7. Give the early history of Maine 27, 33, 136 

8. State what you can of the early history of Missouri 110, 136 

9. Give the particulars in relation to the admission of Missouri 136 

10. State all you can in relation to the " Monroe Doctrine" 136 

11. Give an account of Lafayette 78, 80, 96, 97, 137 

12. How was John Quincy Adams elected president ? 137 

13. What presidents have been elected by the House ? 109, 187 



REVIEW QUESTIONS. 155 



PAGE 

14. Which three presidents died on the 4th of July ? 137 

15. Name ten important events from 1818 to 1826 152, 153 

16. What can you state of the tariff law of 1828 ? 137 

17. Which of the presidents served each two terms ? (See Table, end of histoiy.) 

18. Give the history of the United States Banks 106, 130, 138 

19. Give an account of the Black Hawk War 138 

20. Give the history of the " South Carolina Nullification" 1.37, 138, 13:) 

21. Give the history of the troubles with the Seminoles 135, 130, 140 

22. Name seven events of Jackson's administration 138, 153 

23. Write an account of Jackson 121, 128, 135, 138, 139, 140 

24. Name three events that occurred in Van Buren's term — 140 

25. Give an account of the battle of Okeechobee 140 

26. What distress was produced in monetai-y affairs ? 140 

27. What account can you give of the Canadian Kebellion ? 140 

28. Give an account of Harrison 114, 118, 119, 120, 141 

29. Name in order the events from 1836 to 1845 . 153 

30. Give the history of Rhode Island 31, 33, 68, 74, 79, 86, 87, 141 

31. Name four important events of 1845 I53 

32. What dispute was there in relation to Texas ? 141 

33. What was the cause of the war with Mexico ? 143 

34. Name, in order, nine important events of 1846 153 

35. Give the history of Fort Brown 143, 144, 145 

36. Give a full account of the battle of Palo Alto 144, 154 

37. Give an account of the battle of Resaca de la Palma 144, 145, 154 

38. What city did Taylor soon after get possession of? 145 

39. What were Taylor's other successes during 1846 ? : 145 

40. What did General Wool accomplish during the war ? 145 

41. What service did Com, Conner render during the war ? 145, 147 

42. What service did General Kearny render during the war? 145, 147 

43. Give a full account of Doniphan's expedition 145, 146, 154 

44. Give an account of Fremont's movements and successes 146, 147 

45. What did Com. Slote accomplish ? 146, 147 

46. What plan " to conquer a peace" was decided upon ? 147 

47. Give an account of Taylor's successes during 1847 147, 154 

48. Of Scott's success against Vera Cruz and its fortress 147 

49. Of his march to and success at Cerro Gordo 147, 148 

50. Of his march from Cerro Gordo to Ayotla 148 

51. Of his march from Ayotla to San Augustin 148 

52. Of his march and successes during August, 1847 148, 149 

.53, What can you state of the armistice granted by Scott ? 149 

54, Give an account of the conflict at the Molino del Rey 149 

55. Of further operations and Scott's final success 149 

56, Give an account of the siege of Puebla 149, 150 

57, What were the closing acts of the war ? 150 

58, Name eight important events of 1847 153 

59, Write an account of General Taylor 140, 143, 144, 145-150 

60. Give the early history of California 150, 151 

61. Give the history of the " Kansas-Nebraska Bill" 151, 152 

62. State what you can of Kansas 110, 151, 1.52, 157 

63. Name eight events that occurred from 1848 to 1854 154 



156 



Lincoln's administration. 




1867.1 Buchanan's administkation. 157 



SECTION VIII. 

From the heginning of Buchana7i's Administration in 
1857, to the close of Johnson'' s. 

1. The Great Rebellion. — Buchanan's Administra- 
tion. — The inauguration of Buchanan took place on the 
4th of March, 1857. During his administration of four 
years, three states — all free — were added to the Union. 
Minnesota was admitted in 1858 ; Oregon, in 1859; and 
Kansas, in 1861. 

2. The slavery question continued to be the prominent 
topic of discussion ; and an event, which occurred in the 
fall of 1859, and which created intense excitement 
throughout the country, not only gave increased impulse 
to the discussion, but greatly aggravated the feeling then 
prevailing at the South against the North. This was 
" John Brown's raid." 

3. Brown's object was the liberation of slaves. With 
that in view, he and twenty-one associates seized the ar- 
senal at Harper's Ferry, for the purpose of making it 
a rendezvous ; but the movement was a total failure. 
Those engaged in it were overpowered by state and na- 
tional troops, thirteen of their number were killed, two 
escaped, and the rest, including Brown, were tried and 
hung. 

4. As Buchanan's term of office drew toward its close, 
no less than four candidates were nominated to succeed 



1. When was Buchanan inaugurated ? What states were added to the Union 
during his administration ? 

2. What subject continued to be generally discussed ? 
2, 3. Give an account of John Brown's raid. 

4. What ia said of the presidential canvass of 1860 ? What was the result ? 



158 Buchanan's administration. hsgo. 

him. After an exciting canvass, in whicli the slavery 
question was the all-absorbing one, the election resulted 
in favor of Abraham Lincoln, the candidate of the IJe- 
publican party. 

5. When it became known that the party opposed to 
the further extension of slavery had been successful, and 
that Lincoln would be the next president, public meetings 
were held in South Carolina to bring about a secession 
of that state from the Union ; and, on the 20th of De- 
cember, 1860, an ordinance of secession was passed by a 
state convention held in Charleston. 

6. Six days after. Major Anderson, commanding at 
Fort Moultrie, withdrew his force of but eighty men from 
that fort, and established himself at Fort Sumter, a ]>lace 
of greater security. This being regarded by the South 
Carolinians as a hostile act, they at once seized the cus- 
tom-house at Charleston, as well as other property be- 
longing to the general government, and began to make 
preparations to drive Anderson from his new position. 

7. Events op 1861.— The steamer. Star of the West, 
sent from Xew York with supplies and re-enforcements 
for Fort Sumter, arrived off Charleston, January 10th, 
1861 ; but, being fired upon by batteries which the reb- 
els, or, as they called themselves, Confederates, had 
erected, she was compelled to put back. During this 
month, January, five of the slave states, — Mississippi, 
Florida, Alabama, Georgia, and Louisiana, — following the 
lead of South Carolina, passed secession ordinances ; and, 
on the first of February, Texas did the same. 



5. What immediate effect did tiie election have in South Carolina? What 

action was taken by a state convention there ? 

6. What movement did Major Anderson make ? What were the immediate 
coiiseqiieiiCcs of the movement V Where is Fort Moultrie y (Map, p. 73.) Fort 
Sumter:' 

7. What plan for the relief of Fort Sumter did the insurirents frustrate ? 
Which states passed secession ordinances in January, 1861 ? Which state fol- 
lowed next 'i 



18G1.] Lincoln's administration. 159 

8. On the 4th of February, a congress, composed of 
delegates from all the insurgent states, except Texas, met 
at Montgomery ; and, four days after, organized a gov- 
vernment by the adoption of a " Provisional Constitu- 
tion," assuming the title of the *' Confederate States of 
America." On the 9th, this congress elected Jefferson 
Davis " President of the Confederacy;" and, on the 18th, 
Texas being then represented, he was duly inaugurated. 

9. Forts, arsenals, navy-yards, custom-houses, and 
other property belonging to the general government, 
within the boundaries of the insurgent states, were seized 
by state authority for the Confederacy. Fort Pickens, 
near Pensacola, which had been saved by Lieut. Slemmer, 
with Fort Sumter, and the forts at the southern extremity 
of Florida, alone remained in the j^ossession of the United 
States. 

10. Lincoln's Administration. — In this distracted and 
sad condition were the affairs of the country when Lin- 
coln, on the 4th of March, 1861, entered upon the ofKce 
of president. His inauguration took place " amid a 
greater display of military force than had ever before 
been witnessed on such an occasion." 

11. The president, in his inaugural address, announced 
that he had " no purpose to interfere with the institution 
of slavery" where it existed ; further stating that, in his 
opinion, he had " no right to do so." But this assurance 
had no effect whatever upon the Southern leaders. Re- 
garding their duty to the general government as second- 
ary to the obligation they owed to their respective states, 



8. State what took place at Montgomery, in February. How is Montgomery 
Bituated ? (Map, p. 120.) 

9. What is said of the seizure of forts, «fcc.? Of Lieutenant Slemmer? 
Where is Pensacola ? (Map, p. 120.) Fort Pickens ? 

10. When was Lincoln inaugurated ? What is said of the occasion ? 

11. What announcement did Lincoln make? What did he further state? 
What is said of the effect produced ? How did the Southern leaders regard their 
duty ? What military preparations did they make '/ 



160 Lincoln's adminlstration. [186i« 



ihey organized an army, and ordered Gen. Beauregard 
{bo-re-gard) to reduce Fort Sumter. 

12. Accordingly, on the mornnig of the 12th of April, 
the first shot was fired \\])0\\ the fort. After a bombard- 
ment of thirty-four hours, the defence being but feeble 
in consequence of the smallness of the garrison and the 
poor supply of ammunition, Anderson was compelled to 
capitulate. On the following day, April 14th, he de- 
parted with his command, and sailed for New York. 

13. The news of this event produced an almost uncon- 
trollable excitement throughout the country ; and the 
president's proclamation, issued on the 15th, calling for 
trooj)s, was responded to at once by all the free states. A 
Massachusetts regiment, while on its way to defend the 
national capital, was attacked, April 19th, in the streets 
of Baltimore, by a mob of Southern sympathizers. Two 
of the soldiers were killed, and a number wounded. 

14. Lincoln's proclamation was followed, two days 
after, by one from Davis, offering letters of marque and 
reprisal to all persons, who, in private armed vessels, 
would prey upon the commerce of the United States. 
This was followed, April 19th, by another proclamation 
from Lincoln, declaring the ports of the insurgent states 
in a state of blockade. 

15. With the exception of Delaware, not one of the 
slave states arrayed itself promptly and decidedly on 
the side of the LTnion. Before June, Virginia, Arkansas, 
Tennessee, and North Carolina, passed secession ordi- 
nances. Virginians seized the armory at Harper's Ferry 

1 2. Give an account of the bombardment of Fort Sumter. 

13. What eflect did the news produce? What call did President Lincoln 
make? How was the call responded to? Give an account of the attack upon 
the Maspachusetts resfiment. What event took place just eighty-six years be- 
fore ? (p. m.) 

1 4. What nroclamation did Davi« put forth ? By what action, on the part of 
Lincoln, was Davis's proclamation followed ? 

1 5. Which states besides those already named passed secession ordinances? 
What seizures did the Virginians make ? 



1861.1 



Lincoln's administration. 



161 




and til* navy-yard at Norfolk, both places having been 
abandoned by the Union officers in charge after a large 
part of the property contained therein had been destroyed. 

16. It can hardly be said that the national government 
made any oifensive movement before the 24th of May. 
Then Gen. Scott, commanding the 

Union army, sent troops into Vir- 
ginia ; and Arlington Heights, oppo- 
site Washington, as well as the toAvn 
of Alexandria, were occupied. Some 
days after, Jime 10th, a force, sent 
by Gen. Butler, commanding at For- 
tress Monroe, was severely repulsed 
in an attack upon the Confederate 
works at Big Bethel. 

17. The insurgent army, to the number of about one 
liundred thousand men, occupied a line through Virginia, 
from Harper's Ferry to Norfolk; their strongest position 
being: on the road from Washington 
to Richmond, at a place called Ma- 
nassas Junction. Richmond was 
then the capital of the Southern 
Confederacy, the transfer from 
Montgomery having been decided 
upon in JMay. 

18. About the middle of July, a 
large army, commanded by Gen. 

McDowell, marched to attack the Confederates, under 




Map Questions.— (Map, p. 156.) How is Baltimore situated ? Norfolk ? 
Harper's Ferry ? Washington? Alexandria? Fortress Monroe ? Big Bethel ? 
Richmond? Where is Manassas Junction ? Arlington Heights ? Bull Run ? Ed- 
ward's Ferry ? Cedar Mt. ? Ball's Blufl'? 

16. What movements were made on the 24th of May? Give an account of 
the Battle of Big Bethel. 

1 7. What line of defence did the insurgents occupy ? What was Richmond 
then ? 

18. When did the battle of Centreville occur ? How is Centreville situated? 
(Map, p. 15G.) Give an account of the battle of Bull Run. 



162 Lincoln's administration. [is^gi. 

Beauregard, at Manassas Junction. On the 18th a conflict 
took place near Centre ville. On the 21st occurred the 
battle of Bull Run, a desperate conflict, in which more 
than forty thousand men were engaged. At length the 
insurgents, being largely re-enforced, prevailed; and the 
Union troops, panic-stricken, fled in disorder toward 
Washington. The Union loss reached nearly three thou- 
sand men, while that of the Confederates did not much 
exceed half that number. 

19. On the following day, July 22d, Gen. McClellan 
was called to take command of the forces around Wash- 
ington, known as the Army of the Potomac. He had just 
closed with credit a campaign in West Virginia, during 
which the Confederates were routed at Philippi {fi-lij^'-pi). 
Rich Mountain, and other places. Congress, which com- 
menced an extra session on the 4th of July, appropriated 
five hundred million dollars for carrying on the war, 
and voted to raise five hundred thousand troops. 

20. In the mean time efforts had been made by the Se- 
cessionists to take Missouri out of the Union. In this, 
however, they failed, mainly through the prompt action 
of Gen. Lyon, who captured their camp near St. Louis, 
defeated them at Booneville on the 17th of June, and 
thus frustrated the designs of the disloyal governor. 

21. On the 5th of July a division of his troops, under 
Col. (afterward Gen.) Sigel {se'-gel)^ made a gallant fight 
at Carthage; but on the 10th of August, having been 
confronted by a vastly superior force, and fearing that a 
retrograde movement would be fatal to the cause, Lyon 



1 9. To what position was McClellan called ? What can you state of his 
previous successes ? What was done by Congress ? 

Map Questions. —(p. 165.) Where is St. Louis? Booneville? Carthage? 
Wilson's Creek ? Springfield ? Belmont ? New Orleans ? Cairo ? Lexington ? 

20. What had been the aim of secessionists in Missouri ? What successes 
did Gen. Lyon have at St. Louis ? At Booneville ? 

21. What account can you give of the battle of Carthage ? Of the battle of 
Wilson's Creek or Springfield ? 



1861.] Lincoln's administration. 163 

made an unsuccessful attack upon the enemy at Wilson's 
Creek, near Springfield, and was killed. 

22. In a little more than a month afterward, Col. Mul- 
ligan, commanding twenty-five hundred men at Lexing- 
ton, Missouri, was attacked by a Confederate force at 
least five times as large, and, after a contest of four days, 
was compelled to surrender, September 20th. 

23. Gen. Fremont, then in command of the Western 
Department, left St. Louis for Jefierson City, and thence 
marched against Price, who was retreating in a southerly 
direction. The pursuit was continued only as far as 
Springfield, when Fremont, in compliance with orders, 
turned the command over to Gen. Hunter, who lield it 
until the arrival of Gen. Halleck. 

24. In October, Gen. Stone was in command of a large 
Union force on the Potomac, in Maryland. A division 
of this force, having crossed the river to Ball's Bluff to 
make a reconnoissance, was disastrously defeated, on the 
21st, and its commander. Col. Baker, killed. In an attack 
npon the Confederate works at Belmont, Missouri, Nov. 
'7th, Gen. Grant was at first successful, but the enemy 
liaving been re-enforced, he retired to his boats. 

25. Two coast expeditions — one to North Carolina, and 
the other to South Carolina — were completely successful. 
In the first, Com. Stringham {string' -ani) and Gen. But- 
ler, commanding a naval and military force, captured the 
Confederate forts at Ilatteras Inlet. In the second, Cora. 
Du-pont', with a fleet of about fifty vessels, captured the 



22. Give an account of the battle of Lexington. 

23. Who, at the time, was in the chief command of the Union forces at the 
Wct*t. Give an account of the pursuit made by Fremont. Who superseded 
Fremont in the command ? Who succeeded Hunter ? 

24. Where was Gen. Stone in command? Give an account' of the disaster 
at Ball's Bluff. By what name is the battle of Ball's Bluff also known ? Aiu. 
Edwards' Ferry. Give an account of the battle of Belmont ? 

25. Give an account of the expedition against the forts at Hatteras Inlet. 
Give an account of the expedition against the forts at Port Royal harbor. What 
change in commanders was made ? 



164 Lincoln's administration. [isei. 



foAs at Port Royal entrance. In tlie mean time, Gen. 
Scott, in consequence of pliysical infirmities, resigned the 
command of the army of the United States, and McClellan 
was appointed in his place. 

26. On the sea an event occurred in November, which 
produced great excitement both in the United States and 
Great Britain. Capt. \Yilkes (wilks), in command of the 
frigate San Jacinto (sa?^Ja-s^V-^o), intercepted an English 
steamer, and took from her Messrs. Mason and Sli-dell', 
Confederate commissioners to Europe ; but as the seizure 
was contrary to the rights of neutral vessels, and the 
British government resented the act, the two prisoners 
were given up. 

27. This affair tended to make still less amicable the 
relations which, at the time, existed between the United 
States and England; for the rebellion had hardly been 
fully developed before Queen Victoria, May l;3th, ac- 
knowledged the South as a belligerent pOM^er; and France, 
soon after, did the same. 

28. The Confederates fitted out a number of privateers, 
one of the most successful being the steamer Sumter, 
Capt. Semmes {semz), which ran the blockade of New 
Orleans on the last day of June. She captured a number 
of vessels, and then, crossing the Atlantic, entered the 
bay of Gibraltar. Here she was found by a United 
States gunboat, and, being unable to escape, was sold. 
Her crew went to England, where a faster steamer was 
in process of construction. This vessel the Confederates 
obtained, and named the Alabama. 

29. During the year 1861, the Federal government in- 
creased its navy, from less than fifty, to about two hun- 



26. Give an account of the capture of Mason and Slidell. 

27. What unfriendly acts did Enijiaiid and France perform ? 

28. Give an account of the career of the Sumter. 

29. What addition was made to the Union uavv in 1S<;1 ? Wliat is said of 
the blockade ? Of specie payments ? Of the circulatiiij,^ medium ';■ Of gold ? 



Lincoln's administkation. 



165 







166 Lincoln's ADivnNiSTRATioN. rises. 

clred vessels. This Avliole force was required in block- 
ading Southern 2>orts ; and, as it was increased in the 
three succeeding years, the blockade became more effec- 
tive. A general suspension of specie payments by the 
banks of the North having taken place, specie circulation 
soon gave way to that of paper, and gold became an ar- 
ticle of merchandise commanding a high premium. 

30. Events of 1862.— At Cairo {ka'-ro) the Union 
troops established a base of operations, Gen. Grant being 
in command. From a point on the Mississippi, a few 
miles below Cairo, the whole river to its mouth was in 
possession of the Confederates, and great preparations 
were made by both parties, one to retain and the other 
to gain the mastery of the river. 

31. The Confederates had also a line of defences from 
the Mississippi to Cumberland Gap, with strong positions 
at Columbus, Bowling Green, Fort Henry, Fort Donel- 
son, and near Mill Spring. In January, 1862, Gen. Buell 
was in command of a Federal department, with his head- 
quarters at Louisville. A division of his army, under 
Gen. Geo. H. Thomas, gained a brilliant victory at Mill 
Spring, Jan. 1 9th, the defeated party escaping further loss 
by crossing the Cumberland. 

32. In February, Commodore Foote, commanding a 
fleet of gunboats, sailed up the Tennessee, and, on the 
6th, reduced Fort Henry. Bowling Green was soon after 
abandoned. On the 16th, Gen. Grant, with the co-opera- 
tion of the fleet, efiected the important capture of Fort 



Map Questions.— (p. 174.) Where is Cnmherland Gap ? Mill Spring? Louis- 
ville ? Tloanoke Ts^land '? Elizabeth City ? Columbns? (p. ](;.5.) Buwliiiff Green ? 
Fort Henry ? Fort Douelson ? Nashville ? Pea Ridge ? New Madrid ? Island 
No. 10? 

30. At what western place did the Vnion troops establish a base of opera- 
tions ? How much of the Mississippi did the Confederates hold ? What eftbrts 
were made by both parties ? 

31. What line of defences did the Confederates have? Where were their 
etrong positions ? Give an account of the battle of Mill Spring. 

32. Of the capture of Fort Henry. Of the capture of Fort Donelson. 



1862.1 



Lincoln's administration. 



167 



Doiiclson, on the Cumberland, Avith sixteen thousand 
prisoners. The enemy thereupon evacuated Columbus 
and Nashville. 

33. An important success meanwhile attended the ef- 
forts of the Unionists on the Atlantic coast. A land and 
naval expedition, sailing 
from Hampton Roads, un 
der Gen. Burnside and 
Com. Goldsborough, cap- 
tured Koanoke Island, 
Feb. 8th. This success 
was followed by the de- 
struction of the Confed- 
erate flotilla at Elizabeth 
City, by the capture of 
that and other places, and 
by a victory gained by 
Burnside at Newbern. 
An expedition, fitted out 

at Port Royal, captured Fort Pulaski [j^u-las'-ke). 

34. Two important events occurred on the 8th of 
March. Gen. Curtis, ably seconded by Sigel, defeated 
the Confederates, under Gen. Van Dorn, at Pea Ridge, 
Arkansas, after three days' hard fighting ; and the ram 
Virginia, steaming out from Norfolk to Hampton Roads, 
destroyed the United States sloop-of-war Cumberland and 
the frigate Congress. 

35. This vessel, formerly the Merrim^c, which had been 
sunk at Norfolk by the Union commander there at the 
beginning of the war, had been subsequently raised by 




PART OF SOUTH CAROLINA AND GEORGIA. 



33. Where isllampton Roads ? (Map, p. 156.) 



Give an account of the ex 

? edition under Burnside and Goldsborousjh. Of the expedition against Fort 
ulaski. What city does Fort Pulaski defend? (Map. p. 16T.) 

34. Give an account of the battle of Pea Ridge. Of the destruction effected 
by the ram Virginia. 

35. Give the previous history of the ram Virginia. 



168 Lincoln's administration. [186*^. 



the Confederates, cut down almost to the water's edge, 
covered with a plating of iron, and named the Virginia. 

36. The night of the 8th set in, and it was anticipated 
that next day all the national vessels in the vicinity of 
Fortress Monroe would be destroyed. But, during the 
night, the Monitor, a newly invented floating battery, 
commanded by Lieut. Worden {tcur'-den)^ arrived from 
New York, and, on the following day, encountered the 
Virginia. After a contest of several hours, the latter, in 
a disabled condition, retreated to Norfolk. 

37. The Union forces at the West, under Gen. Po23e, 
were victorious in March, taking New Madrid. Again 
they were victorious, on the 7th of April, co-operating 
with Foote's gunboat fleet in the capture of Island No. 10, 
with six thousand prisoners. The gunboats then descend- 
ed the Mississippi, defeating the enemy's fleet near Fort 
Pillow. On the 6th of June, Com. Davis, Foote's succes- 
sor, gained a victory over the enemy's fleet at Memj^his, 
the town in consequence falling into his hands. 

38. Gen. Grant, after his victory at Fort Donelson, 
proceeded up the Tennessee. On the morning of the 6th 
of April, his army, encamped at Shiloh (s/u-lo), near 
Pittsburg Landing, was suddenly attacked by Gen. A. S. 
Johnston's army ; and, after a contest, which raged till 
near nightfall, the Union troops were driven to the river, 
where the gunboats aided them to keep the enemy in 
check. Johnston was killed. 

39. The arrival of re-enforcements under Buell, enabled 
Grant to assume the oflensive on the following day, and 

36. What was anticipated for the 9th of March ? What happened during the 
night ? Give an account of what followed. 

37. What was the Union success at New Madrid? At Island No. 10? At 
Fort Pillow ? At Memphis ? 

Map Questions.— (p. 16.5.) Into what river does the Tennessee flow ? Name 
four States in which the Tennessee runs. Where is Pittsburir Landing ? What 
battle was fought there? yl?/.*. Shiloh. Where is Corinth? Huntsville? luka? 
Cincinnati? p. 174.) Frankfort ? Richmond (Kentucky) ? 

38. Give an account of the first day's contest at Shiloh. 



isea.] Lincoln's administration. 169 

the Confederates, commanded by Beauregard, were driven 
toward Corinth [kor'-inth). The forces engaged in this 
battle, on both sides, numbered more than a hundred 
tliousand men; and the losses were severe, being not less 
than twenty thousand. 

40. Gen. Halleck arrived soon after, and took command 
in person of Grant's victorious army. He at once com- 
menced an advance upon Corinth, slowly progressing 
every day for nearly two months, when, May 30th, the 
place was found deserted. A body of troops, under Gen. 
Mitchell, detached from Buell's army, meanwhile marched 
from Nashville as far as lluntsville, Alabama. 

41. In Louisiana the Union cause met with a success 
of great importance. This was the capture of New Or- 
leans, on the 25th of April. The Union fleet, commanded 
by Far'-ra-gut and Porter, ascended the Mississippi, bom- 
barding and then running past two forts. The city was 
reached, and Gen. Butler taking formal possession, placed 
it under martial law. 

42. Halleck, having been called to Washington, as com- 
mander-in-chief, Grant was left in command at Corinth. 
Gen. Kosecrans (roz'-krants), with a division of Grant's 
army, gained a victory at I-u'-ka, September 19th; and, 
October 4th, he was again victorious, repulsing more than 
thirty thousand Confederates who made an attack upon 
his defences at Corinth 

43. The Confederates were active in Tennessee and 
Kentucky during the summer. Gen. Bragg being in com- 
mand with a large army. A part of this force, under 
Gen. Smith, defeated a body of Unionists at Richmond, 

39. Give an account of the second day's contest at Shiloh. 

40. Who, after the battle of Shiloh, took command of Grant's armj' ? Give 
an account of Haileck's operations. Of Mitchell's operations. 

41. Give an account of the capture of New Orleans. 

42. To what position was Halleck transferred? Who was left in command 
of the Western troops ? Give an accdwnt of the battle of luka. Of the battle 
of Corinth 

8 



170 



LINCOLN S ADMINISTIIATION. 



[1SG2, 



marched thence to Frankfort, and tlireatened Cincinnati. 
Brao-o- advanced almost to Louisville, but, watched and 
foiled by Buell, he retreated southward, meeting with a 
repulse at Perryville. Buell's command was afterward 
transferred to Kosecrans. 

44. Early in March, McClellan ordered an advance 
toward Richmond. A new organization of military de- 
partments assigned Fremont to West Vn-ginia and East 
Tennessee, Banks to the Shenandoah Valley, McDowell 
to the Rappahannock, and McClellan to the command of 
the Army of the Potomac. On the 23d of March, Gen. 
Shields, commanding a detachment of Gen. Banks's divi- 
sion, gained a victory at Winchester. 

45. At Alexandria, McClellan embarked his troops for 
Fortress Monroe, whence, April 4th, he commenced his 

march up the peninsula between the 
York and James rivers. Compel- 
ling the enemy to retreat from York- 
town, after a month's siege, he 
gained a victory at Williamsburg, 
May 5th ; and then pushed on to 
within seven miles of the Confed- 
erate capital. Meanwhile, General 
Wool, proceeding from Fortress 

Monroe, took possession of Norfolk, and the Confederates 

destroyed their iron-clad vessel, Virginia. 

46. At Fair Oaks, McClellan's army was attacked on 




43 Give an account of the battle of Richmond, Kentucky. Of Braofpr's ad- 
vance and defeat at Perryville. WMicre is Perryville ? (p. 174.) What advantage 
did Brai,'^ gain during his northward march ? Ans. He captured Munfordsville. 
By whom was Buell succeeded in ctnnmand ? 

4-4. What new disposition of military commanders was made ? v\ hat oc- 
curred at Winchester ? ,. „ 

Map Questions. -(Map, p. 156.) Where is Alexandria ? Fortress Monroe ? 
Norfolk? Into what water does the York Kiver flow? Into what the James 
River? Where is Yorktown ? Williamsburg? Strasburg? (p. ITi.) Pront 
Ptoval ? Cedar Mt. ? Ohantillv ? Fair Oaks ? (^Map. p. 170.) 

45. At what place did McClellan embark his troops ? From what P'ace dul 
he commence his Peninsula Camoaiffn ? What peninsula i-^ alluded to ? \V hat 
was done at Yorktown ? At W^illiamsburg ? At Norfolk ? With the r.im ^ uginni ? 



1862.] LINCOLN'S ADMINISTEATION. 171 



the 31st of Muy, and the battle was resumed the follow- 
ing day. It was a bloody though indecisive contest. Gen. 
Joseph E. Johnston, the Confederate general-in-chief, hav- 
ing been severely wounded in the battle, was relieved 
from active duty and Gen. Lee became his successor. 

47. Banks's division, at the time, was at Stras'-burg, and 
this force the Confederates formed the plan of capturing ; 
but in consequence of the resistance which they met at 
Front Royal, Banks became aware of their purpose, and 
made a masterly retreat to the Potomac. Their pursuing 
general, T. J. Jackson, known as Stonewall Jackson, was 
in turn pursued by Fremont, but escaped to join Lee. 

48. Believing that the force at his disposal was not 
sufficient to protect his lines, McClellan transferred Ids 
base of operations to the James River; but, while this 
movement was in progress, the Confederates fell upon the 
L^nion troops, June 25th, and a series of destructive bat- 
tles took place, lasting through seven days. The con- 
tending armies numbered together not less than two hun- 
dred thousand men, and the joint losses thirty thousand. 

49. Late in June, President Lincoln ordered the forces 
of Fremont, Banks, and McDowell, to be consolidated, 
and gave the command to Gen. Pope. Lee soon began 
to menace Washington ; but, at Cedar Mountain, August 
9th, his advance, under Jackson, was defeated in a conflict 
with Banks's division. 

50. The Confederates, in full force, advanced, and from 
the 23d of August to the beginning of the following 



46. Give an account of the battle of Fair Oaks. By what name is that 
battle also known ? Ans. Seven Pines. What did the Confederate cavalry ac- 
complish? A)is. Gen. Stuart passed north from Richmond entirely round the 
Union army. What chanire was made in the Confederate commanders '? 

47. (xivc an account of Banks's retreat and escape. What pursuit was made 
by Fremont? 

48. What transfer of ha«e did McClellan make ? Why did he do so ? What 
battles followed? Uow strontr were the two armies, aiid^vhnt were their losses? 

40 What consolidation of forces was made? What n.ovement did Lee 
make ? What occurred al Cedar Mt. ? 



172 LINCOLN'S ADMINISTRATION. [18G2. 



month the struggle between the two great armies was 
desperate. In that part of the struggle known as the 
Second Battle of Bull Bun, Pope was defeated. In its 
closing part, at Chan'-til-ly, though losing Stevens and 
Kearny, two of his best generals, he was more fortunate. 

51. Lee, instead of marching to attack the fortifications 
of Washington, crossed the Potomac into Maryland, where 
he was pursued by McClellan, w^ho had been ordered from 
the James. At South Mountain, September 14th, the na- 
tional forces were victorious ; but this success was more 
than counterbalanced, a few hours later, by the loss of 
Harper's Ferry with its munitions of war and large gar- 
rison. 

52. On the l7th, the great battle of Antietam {an-te'- 
tmn) was fought. Lee was defeated, his loss in the battle 
and during the campaign being not less than twenty-five 
thousand men. On the night of the 18th, he withdrew 
his forces across the Potomac, into Virginia. 

53. After remaining in Maryland till the latter part of 
October, McClellan crossed the Potomac, but, in Novem- 
ber, was superseded in the command by Burnside. Led 
by their new commander, the army crossed the Rappa- 
hannock, the design being to march against Richmond 
by the route from Fredericksburg. Fredericksburg was 
taken, December 12th ; but, after a disastrous attempt to 
carry the works behind the city, the river was recrossed. 

54. Events of 1863. — On the 1st of January, 1863, 
President Lincoln issued his memorable proclamation, de- 
claring forever free the slaves in the states then in rebel- 



50. Give an account of the strns^gle between Lee and Pope. 

51. What movement did Lee then make? By whom was he pursued? What 
occurred at South Mountain? At Harper's Ferry? Where is South Mountain ? 
(p. 156.) 

52. Where is Antietam (^ ? (Map, p. 1T4.) Give an account of the battle 
foucrht there. What movement did Lee make after the battle. 

53 By whom was McClellan superseded in command ? Where is Fredericks- 
bun,^? (p. 12H.) Name four rivers that flow into Chesapeake Bay. Give an ac- 
count of Burnside's march, repulse, and retreat. 



1863.] Lincoln's administration. 173 



lion, excepting in certain designated portions, occupied, 
in most part, by national troops. On the same day Gal'- 
ves-ton was taken, and the naval force before the place 
was captured, destroyed, or dispersed by the Confederates. 

55. The close of 1862 witnessed a fierce struggle at 
Mur'-frees-bo-ro between the armies of Rosecrans and 
Bragg. On the 2d of January, 1863, victory decided for 
the national cause. Nine days after, the Confederates 
lo&t Arkansas Post, which was taken by a land and naval 
force, commanded by Gen. McClernand and Admiral 
Porter. 

56. Burnside having, at his own request, been relieved 
of the command of the Army of the Potomac, was suc- 
ceeded by Gen. Hooker, who, toward the latter part of 
•April, crossed the Rappahannock, and, encountering Lee 
on the 2d and 3d of May at Chancellorsville, was worsted, 
losing more than eleven thousand men, in killed and 
wounded. He then recrossed the river. 

57. On the 9th of June, Lee, whose army numbered 
nearly a hundred thousand men, began a northward move- 
ment; and Hooker followed the invaders into Maryland^ 
where, on the 28th of June, his command was transferred 
to Gen. Meade. At Gettysburg {get'-tiz-hurg)^ on the 1st, 
2d, and 3d of July, one of the most important, as well as 
severe and decisive, conflicts of the war took j^lace. Lee 
was finally defeated, and', his army reduced one-third, he 
made a rapid retreat. 

54. What can j-^ou state of Lincoln's memorable proclamation ? Of affairs at 
Galveston, January 1st, 1863 ? 

Map Questions. — (p. 165.) Where is Galveston? Murfreesboro ? Arkansas 
Post? Vicksburg? Port Gibson? Port Hudson? Into what water does the 
Red River flow ? Name four towns on that river. 

55. Give an account of the battle of Murfreesboro. Of the capture of Ar- 
kansas Post. 

56. Who succeeded Burnside in the command of the Army of the Potomac? 
Give an account of the battle of Chancellorsville. Where is Chancellorsville ? 
(Map, p. 1.56.) 

57. What movement did Lee begin on the 9th of June ? By whom was he 
followed ? What change in commanders was made ? Give an account of the 
battle of Gettysburg. Where is Gettysburg ? (Map, p. 15G.) 



174 



LINCOLN S ADMINISTKATION. 



H863. 







Scvanton' 



^ 



#iSanbu 






hmonl 










1863.] Lincoln's administration. ' 175 



58. It was the chief object of Gen. Grant, the com- 
mander of the national forces in the Southwest, to open 
the Mississippi, his tirst point of attack being Vicksburcr, 
Kear Port Gibson, May 1st, he gained a decided victory. 
Others followed, and finally, on the 4th of July, the Con- 
federate commander, Pemberton, surrendered Vicksburg. 

59. The commander at Port Hudson, on learning the 
fjite of Vicksburg, likewise surrendered; and thus was 
the Mississippi opened. The surrender of this last place 
held by the enemy on the river was made to Banks, But- 
ler's successor. The colored troops in Banks's army were 
commended for their bravery in the assaults which had 
been made on the place. 

60. After his victory at Murfreesboro, Rosecrans had 
no important contest with the enemy until he was attacked 
by Bragg, near Chick-a-mau'-ga Creek, September 19th 
and 20th ; and, but for the stand made by Thomas, his 
army would have been totally routed. 

61. He then fell back to Chat-ta-noo'-ga. The timely 
arrival of Hooker and Grant, the latter of whom took 
the command, enabled the Union army to gain a decided 
victory, November 25th, after a three days' conflict ; and 
Bragg was driven back into Georgia. The killed, wounded, 
and prisoners, on both sides, numbered not less than fif- 
teen thousand. 

62. At Knoxville, November 29th, Burnside repulsed 
Longstreet. In Missouri and Kansas guerrilla bands, co- 
operating with Ihe regular insurgent forces, continued to 
plunder and destroy. A bold raid was made into Indiana 



58. What was the chief object of Gen. Grant? Give an account of his suc- 
cesses. 

59. What success did Banks afterward achieve ? What is said of the col- 
ored troops '? 

60. Give an account of the battle of Chickamauga? Where is Chickamauga? 
(Map, p. 174.) Chattanooga? Knoxville? 

61 . Give an account of the battle of Chattanooga. 

62. What occurred at Knoxville? What occurred in Missouri and Kansas? 
Give an account of Morgan's raid. 



176 Lincoln's administration. [isgs. 



and Ohio, by the partisan ranger Gen. Morgan. He Ava^ 
pursued day and night, for a distance of nearly seven 
hundred miles, and his band finally killed, captured, or 
scattered. He was among the prisoners. 

63. By virtue of authority vested in him, the president 
ordered a draft of three hundred thousand men to re- 
cruit the army. Great opposition to the measure was at 
once excited, which culminated in a riot in the city of New 
York, commencing July 13th, and lasting four days. Be- 
fore the outbreak was quelled, a number of buildings were 
sacked and burned, and the most fiendish acts were com- 
mitted, particularly against the colored population. 

64. The navy of the United States was employed in 
various service during the year, and was very active. 
The blockade of the Confederate ports became so effective 
as to be fully respected by the nations of Europe ; but 
Wilmington, on account of its wide and numerous inlets, 
was quite successful in maintaining an intercourse with 
Nassau [nas-saio') and other British ports. 

65. The people in the w^estern counties of Virginia were, 
from the beginning of the war, opposed to secession ; and 
they took early measures not only to eflfect a separation 
of their part of the state from the other section of Vir- 
ginia, but to gain admission as a state into the Union. 
Their efforts were crowned with success, and West Vir- 
ginia was admitted in 1863. 

66. Events of 1864. — Gen. Wm. T. Sherman, in Feb- 
ruary, 1864, made a successful expedition into Mississippi ; 
but this success was more than counterbalanced by a 



63. Give an account of the riot in the city of New York. 

64. What is eaid of the service of the navy? Of the blockade in creneral? 
Of the blockade of Wilmington ? 

65. Give the history of the formation of West Virginia. What aid did the 
Union cause receive fiom private associations ? Ans. The Sanitary Commis- 
sion and the Christian Ctmimission rendered important aid to the wounded oa 
the battle-fields and to the sick and wounded in the hospitals. 

66. Where is Olustee? (Map, p. 174.) What occurred there? 



1864.] Lincoln's administration. 177 



disastrous defeat which the Union forces sustained at 
O-lus'-tee, Florida, on the 20th of the same month. 

67. An expedition against Shreveport, Louisiana, con- 
ducted by Gen. Banks with the co-operation of Porter's 
tleet, met with a series of disasters that ended in the 
failure of the movement. The loss, in men and material. 
was heavy ; and the vessels, in consequence of a fall in 
the Red Kiver, were only saved from capture or destruc- 
tion by the construction of a dam across the river, by 
which the boats were enabled to go over the falls. 

68. The absence of troops to aid Banks in the Red 
River expedition, emboldened the Confederates under 
Gen. Forrest to make a raid into the western part of Ten- 
nessee and Kentucky. Union City was captured. An 
attack upon Fort Pillow, April 12th, was bravely resisted, 
but at last the place was carried by assault, and three 
hundred of its defenders, mostly colored troops, were 
massacred. 

69. The services which Gen. Grant had rendered the 
country, added to his peculiar fitness to command large 
armies, induced the president to name him for the posi- 
tion of Lieutenant- General, and the nomination was con- 
firmed by the Senate on the 3d of March. Vast prepa- 
rations were at once begun for two campaigns — one 
against Richmond, by the Army of the Potomac, and the 
other against At-lan'-ta, to be conducted by Gen. Wm. T. 
Sherman. 

70. Sherman, with an army of a hundred thousand 

61'. Where is Shreveport ? (Map. p. 165.) Give an account of the Red River 
expedition. What fort was captured? Ans. De Russy. What battles were 
fousrht ? Aiis. Cane River, Mangfield. and Pleasant Hill. 

68. What tempted Forrest to make a raid '? What success did he have it 
Union City ? Give an account of the " Fort Pillow massacre." 

69. To what position was Gen. Grant promoted ? Why was he so promoted "' 
What preparations were at once heirun ? 

70. From what place did Sherman advance? By whom was his pro2:ress 
disputed ? What were Ins successes over Johnston ? P.y whom was Johnston 
superseded in command ? Why was he so superseded ? Where, is Atlanta ? 
(Map, p. 171.) ' ■■ ' 



178 Lincoln's administeation. li864. 



men, advanced from Chattanooga early in May, his pro- 
oress being disputed by Gen. Jos. E. Johnston, but in 
vain. He won battles, outflanked his opponent, and by 
the middle of July reached the vicinity of Atlanta. John- 
ston's " retreating policy" being condemned by the Con- 
federates, he was superseded in the command by Gen. 
Hood. 

71. From the 20th to the 28th of July, Hood made 
three furious assaults upon the Union lines, but each 
time he was repulsed with heavy loss. Sherman sent 
cavalry expeditions to cut the railroads by which the 
Confederates received supplies. Gen. Stoneman, com- 
manding one of these, was defeated and captured. Mov- 
ing with nearly the whole of his army westward round 
Atlanta, Sherman defeated a large division of Hood's 
army at Jonesboro, and compelled the Confederate com- 
mander to abandon Atlanta. 

72. Though Gen. Meade commanded the Army of the 
Potomac, Gen. Grant had his headquarters with that 
army, and planned all the military movements. On the 
4th of May, Meade crossed the Rap-id-an'. On the fol- 
lowing day he encountered Lee in a terrific contest, 
known as the Battle of the Wilderness, which raged for 
two days. On the 7th the Confederates withdrew toward 
Richmond. 

73. Near Spottsylvania Court House, Lee made a stand. 
Fighting occurred on the 9th ; and, from that time till 
toward the middle of June, the struggle between the two 

Map Questions.— (p. 156.) Into what river does the Rapidan flow? North 
Anna? Monocacy? Cedar Creek? Where is Spottsvlvania C. II.? Appomattox 
C. II.? Piedmont? (p. 174.) Chambersburo: ? Fisher's Hili V Petersburg? 

71. What took place from the 20th to the 28th of July ? What expeditions 
did Sherman send ? What misfortune befell Stoneman ? How, at last, did Sher- 
man sain Atlanta? Where is Jonesboro? (p 174.) 

72. Where were Grant's headquarters ? What control did Grant exercise 
over armjMnovements? When did Meade cross the Rapidan? State what oc- 
curred on the following day. What occurred on the 7th. 

73. What occurred on the 'tth ? What is said of the succeeding struggle? 
Wlijit ))attles arc mentioned ? What co-operation did Butler give ? 

8* 



1864.1 Lincoln's administration. 179 

armies was more or less severe. The battles of Spottsyl- 
vania, North Anna, and Cold Harbor were particularly- 
desperate and bloody. Butler, co-operating with Meade, 
sailed from Fortress Monroe, and secured a position on 
the south side of the James, thus favoring a movement 
by which the Army of the Potomac was transferred, June 
14th, to that side of the river. 

74. Petersburg was at once besieged. On the 30th of 
July a mine was exploded under one of the strongest of 
the works before that city, so that a storming party 
might rush through the gap thus formed, and the place 
be captured. The assault was made, but it resulted in 
disastrous failure. Other conflicts took place between 
the armies of Meade and Lee, yet at the close of the 
year, the Confederates still held Petersburg and Rich- 
mond. 

75. A large force, intended for co-operation with 
Meade's army, w^as in the Shenandoah Valley, under 
Sigel ; but, after meeting a defeat at Newmarket, Sigel 
was superseded by Gen. Hunter. Hunter gained a vic- 
tory at Pied'-mont, June 5th, and then marched upon 
Lyncliburg, but finding the Confederate force there 
strengthened by recent arrivals from Lee's army, he 
withdrew into West Virginia. The Valley being thus 
open, Lee detached twenty thousand men, under Gen. 
Early, to invade Maryland. 

76. With overwhelming numbers Early defeated Gen. 
Wallace at the Mo-noc'-a-cy River, July 9th; and, after 
threatening Baltimore and Washington, he recrossed the 
Potomac, loaded with plunder. A body of the Confeder- 

74. What place was besieged ? Where was a mine made ? Give an account 
of the assault ? What is said of other conflicts ? 

75. Where did Sigel have a force to co-operate with Meade's array ? What 
befell Siijel? By whom was Sigel superseded in command ? What success did 
Hunter have? What were Hunter's subsequent movements? How did the 
Confederates take advantage of Hunter's absence? 

76. Give an account of the battle of Monocacy ? What movements did Early 
then make ? What occurred at Chambersburg ? What sucpess did Averill have ? 



180 Lincoln's administration. [1864o 

ate cavalry which afterward advanced into Pennsylvania 
and set fire to Chambersburg, while retreating was over- 
taken by Gen. A'-ver-ill and defeated. 

77. Grant hurried oif troops for the defence of Wash- 
ington, and a strong force was organized for Sheridan, 
who relieved Hunter from command. On the 19th of 
September, Sheridan attacked and routed Early near 
Winchester; and, three days after, at Fisher's Hill, he 
routed the enemy again. Just a month after his victory 
at Winchester, his troops, then at Cedar Creek, were sud- 
denly attacked and driven from the field, he, at the time, 
being absent. Arriving at this critical time, he arranged 
his lines, repulsed an attack, assailed in return, and, for 
the third time, routed Early's army. 

78. Leaving Thomas in Tennessee to watch Hood, 
Sherman destroyed Atlanta, and, on the 15th of Novem- 
ber, commenced his memorable march to the sea-coast. 
Advancing through Georgia and living upon the country, 
he occupied the state capital and other large towns ; car- 
ried Fort McAllister by assault ; and, on the morning of 
the 21st of December, entered the city of Savannah. 

79. In the mean time Hood advanced into Tennessee, 
while Thomas fell back toward Nashville. Coming up at 
Franklin, November 30th, with the main part of the Union 
army, Hood made an assault, but was repulsed ; and 
Thomas then brought his troops together at Nashville. 
Hood formed a plan to dislodge his opponent, but, before 
he could put it into execution, Thomas attacked him, on 
the morning of the 15th of December, and, in a battle 

77. Who siicceeded Hunter in command? What occurred at Winchester ? 
At Fisher's Hill ? Give an account of the battle of Cedar Creek. • 

78. What did Sherman do with Atlanta? What did Sherman then do? 
Throu^'h what state did he march ? What fort did he capture ? What city did 
he enter? Where is Fort McAllister? (Map, p. IGT.) 

79. What movement did Hood meanwhile make? How did Thomas act? 
Give an account of the battle of Franklin. Who commanded the Union troops 
in that battle? yl;w. Gen. Schofipld. Where is Franklin? Give an account of 
the battle of Nashville. 



1865.] Lincoln's administration. 181 

lasting two days, defeated and drove liira from the field. 
Hood fled into Alabama. 

80. The insurgents, by means of English-built priva- 
teers, sailing under the Confederate flag, succeeded in 
destroying a large number of American merchantmen. 
Semmes, in the Alabama, resumed his career of destruc- 
tion, luring vessels by hoisting the British flag ; but the 
Alabama was at last met, June 19, by the Kearsarge 
{ke'-ar-sarj)^ Capt. Winslow, and, after a short contest, 
was sunk. 

81. Of all the achievements of the army or navy of the 
United States during the war, none were more brilliant 
than that of Admiral Far'-ra-gut in Mobile Bay, on the 5th 
of August. He succeeded in passing Forts Morgan and 
Gaines at the entrance of the bay, and then gaining a 
complete victory over the enemy's fleet. The two forts 
were afterward captured. 

82. Events of 1865, and close of the War. — The 
active operations of 1865 began Avith the reduction of 
Fort Fisher, the main defence of Wilmington. This was 
accomplished on the 15th of January, by eight thousand 
men under Gen. Terry, aided by Admiral Porter's fleet. 
About a month before, Butler had made a demonstration 
against the fort, but deeming the w orks too strong to be 
carried hy his force, returned to Fortress Monroe. Wil- 
mington was occupied by the Federal troops on the 2 2d 
of February. 

83. Sherman having halted at Savannah only long 

80. By what means were the Confederates enabled to destroy American 
merchantmen ? What course did Semmes pursue ? What was the fate of the 
Alabama ? 

81. How is Farragut's success in Mobiie Bay spoken of? What was his 
achievement? Where is Mobile Bay ? (p. 165.) Fort Morgan? 

82. Where did the operations of 18t)5 begin ? Give an account of the suc- 
cess achieved by Terrv and Porter. What attempt had been previously made to 
reduce tlie fort ? Where is Fort Fisher ? (p. 174.) 

83. When did Sherman move from Savannah ? How did be compel the Con- 
fv-de-ates to evacuate Charleston ? Give the account of his subsequent progress 
and successes. 



182 Johnson's administration. [isgs. 



enough to refit liis army, was again in motion b}^ tlie 1st 
of February. On the IVth he captured Columbia, com- 
pelling the Confederates, by this achievement, to evacuate 
Charleston. lie entered North Carolina, fought and de- 
feated Gen. Hardee on the 16th of March, and, four days 
later, gained a Adctory over Gen. J. E. Johnston. 

84. On the 29th of March the final movement of the 
national forces, which Gen. Grant had gathered around 
Richmond, commenced ; and, after ten days' marching 
and fighting, the campaign was ended. On the 3d of 
April, both Petersburg and Richmond were occupied by 
the nation's victorious troops. The retreating troops were 
hotly pursued by Sheridan, and, on the 9th, Lee, over- 
taken and surrounded, surrendered to Grant near Appo- 
mattox Court House. From this period the history of 
the war is but a record of national successes in the sur- 
render of the several remaining Confederate commanders. 

85. The hearts of the loyal people were throbbing with 
joy because of the triumph so long struggled for, but this 
feeling was suddenly turned into mourning. In less than 
a week after Lee's surrender, President Lincoln was as- 
sassinated by a desperado acting in sympathy with the 
Confederate cause. He died on the following morning, 
April 15 th. 

86- Johnson's Administration. — The vice-president, 
Andrew Johnson of Tennessee, thereupon became presi- 
dent, retaining the cabinet of his predecessor. The as- 
sassin of the lamented president eluded pursuit until the 
26th, when, having been tracked to his hiding-place and 
refusing to surrender, he was shot. Jefferson Davis, after 



84. When did the final movement of the national force? rommence ? Oivo 
an account of the ten days' campai<rn. When, where, and to whom did Lee sur 
rendei ? To whom did Johnston surrender? v4?;.«.\ Sherman. 

85. How were the people's rejoicings turned into sorrow? When did Pres- 
ident Lincoln die? 

86. Who. then, became president? What was the fate of the person who 
shot Lincoln ? What is said of Jefferson Davis? 



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18G5.1 JOHNSON'S ADMINISTRATION. 183 



abandoning Richmond, fled to Georgia, where he was 
captured. He was then conveyed a prisoner to Fortress 
Monroe. 

87. On the 29th of April, President Johnson issued a 
proclamation removing restrictions on commerce in the 
South ; and, a month later, he addressed a proclamation 
of amnesty to all those who had been concerned in the 
rebellion, excepting certain specified classes of persons, 
A resolution of Congress, proposing an amendment to 
the Constitution abolishing slavery, having been approved 
by three-fourths of the states, slavery was declared consti- 
tutionally abolished on the 18th of December. 

88. The national debt, at the close of 1865, amounted 
to about two billions seven hundred millions of dollars. 
To raise the enormous sums required during the war, the 
government had offered loans which were freely taken ; 
the duty on importations was increased ; taxes were im- 
posed on incomes and manufactures ; and revenue stamps 
were required to be placed upon bonds and other docu- 
ments. 

89. In March, 1865, Congress passed an act known as 
the Freedmen's Bureau Bill. By the term freedmen wei-e 
meant all the colored people of the South, who, at the 
breaking out of the Rebellion, were slaves ; but who had 
afterward been declared free by proclamation of the 
president. The bill had for its object the supervision 
and relief of freedmen and loyal refugees. A second bill, 
amending and continuing in force the first, although 
vetoed by the president, was passed in July, 1866. 



8 7. What proclamation in relation to commerce did Johnson ipsue ? What 
other proclamation did he issue ? Wiiat was done in relation to the aholition 
of slavery ? 

88. What did the national debt amount to at the close of 1865? How had 
the ijovernment procured money durinc: the war ? 

89. When was the Freedmen's Bureau Bill passed? Who were meant by 
the term freedmen ? What was the object of the Bill ? What is said of the 
second Freedmen's Bureau Bill ? 



184 Johnson's administration. iisg7. 



90. It soon became evident that Congress and President 
Johnson were at variance on the subject of " Reconstruct- 
ing the Union," the former being opposed to the resto- 
ration of the late insurgent states to their former politi- 
cal standing, until certain guarantees of protection should 
be extended to the colored population, and other condi- 
tions complied with by the states. A Reconstruction Act 
was, however, passed by Congress, notwithstanding the 
veto of the President, March 2d, 1867, and two Supple- 
mentary Reconstruction Acts were also passed, in like 
manner. 

91. In March, of the same year, a bill to regulate the 
tenure of certain civil offices was passed over the presi- 
dent's veto. By this bill it is declared that persons hold- 
ing, or appointed to, any civil office, by and with the ad- 
vice and consent of the Senate, shall be entitled to hold 
such office until a successor shall have been, in like man- 
ner, appointed and duly qualified. This is known as the 
Teni(re-of -Office Bill. 

92. During the year 1867, Nebraska was admitted into 
the Union, and the territorial possessions of the United 
States were very much enlarged by the addition of Alas'- 
ka, formerly known as Russian America. This vast tract 
of land Avas pui'chased of Russia, the price agreed to be 
l)aid being $7,200,000, in gold. 

93. In August, 1867, the president suspended Mr. Stan- 
ton, the secretary of war, from office, because, " upon im- 
portant questions, the views of the secretary differed from 
his own." Gen. Grant was appointed to discharge the 
duties of the office. In December, the president notified 

90. What soon became evident as between Congress and the president? 
What position did ConLM-ess take? What is said of the Reconstruction Bill ? 
Of tiie two Supplementary Acts? 

91. State what you can in relation to the Tenure-of-Office Bill. 

92. What is said of the admission of Nebraska ? What is said of Alaska ? 

93. From what oftice was Mr. Stanton suspended? By whom was the sus- 
j)ension made? Wiiy was it made? What courae, in relation to the matter. 



18G8.] Johnson's administration. 185 

the Senate of the change he had made, and of his reasons 
for so doing. The Senate having dnly considered the 
reasons, passed a resolutios^ of non-concurrence in the 
suspension ; and, thereupon, January 13th, 1868, Mr. Stan- 
ton resumed the exercise of the duties of secretary of war. 

94. On the 21st of February, the president sent a mes- 
sage to the Senate, declaring that he had removed Mr. 
Stanton from office, and had placed Gen. Lorenzo Thomas 
in his stead until a successor should be appointed. This 
produced great excitement in both houses of Congress. 
The Senate passed a resolution notifying the president 
"that, under the Constitution and laws of the United 
States, he had no power to remove the secretary of war 
and designate any other officer to perform the duties of 
that office." 

95. On the 24th, a resolution, impeaching President 
Johnson of liigh crimes and misdemeanors, was adopted 
by the House of Representatives. In accordance there- 
with, nine articles of impeachment, prepared by a com- 
mittee of the House, were, on the 2d of March, adopted ; 
and seven managers were thereupon selected from among 
the members of the House, to conduct the impeachment 
before the Senate. 

96. Two more articles of impeachment having been 
added, in which the j^resident was charged with declaring 
that Congress, as then constituted, was an illegal body, 
the trial was begun on the 30th of March. On the 16th 
of May a verdict of acquittal was declared on the eleventh 
article ; and, ten days after, a like verdict was rendered 
on two other articles. On the same day. May 26th, Mr. 
Stanton resigned his position as secretary of war. 

did the president afterward take ? What course and action did the Senate take ? 
What course did Mr. Stanton take ? 

94. What course did the president take in the following February ? What 
was the effect in Congress ? What resolution did the Senate pass ? 

95. What resolution was afterward adopted by the House of Kepresentatives ? 
What subsequent action was taken by the House ? 



186 CHRONOLOGICAL RECAPITULATION. 



CHROA^OLOGICAL RECAPITULATION. 

1857. James Buchanan was inaugurated president March 4. 

1858. Minnesota was admitted into the Union May 11. 

1859. Oregon was admitted into the Union Feb. 14. 

John Brown made a raid into Virginia Oct. 16. 

1860. Soutli Carolina passed a secession ordinance Dec. 20. 

Anderson withdrew from Ft, Moultrie to Ft. Sumter. Dec. 26. 

1861. Mississippi (Jan. 9), Florida (Jan. 10), Alabama (Jan. 

11), Georgia (Jan. 19), Louisiana (Jan. 26), Texas 
(Feb. 1), Virginia (April 17), Arkansas (May 6), Ten- 
nessee (May 7), and North Carolina (May 20), passed 
secession ordinances. 

Kansas was admitted into the Union Jan. 29. 

The " Southern Confederacy" was formed Feb. 

Davis became " President of the Confederacy" Feb. 18. 

Lincoln was inaugurated president of the U. States. . .Mar. 4. 

The Confederates attacked Fort Sumter April 12, 18. 

President Lincoln called for 75,000 troops April 15. 

Davis offered letters of marque and reprisal. . . , April 17. 

Lincoln proclaimed a blockade of Southern ports. . .April 19. 

Volunteer troops were attacked in Baltimore April 19. 

England (May 13), France (June 10), Spain (June 17), 
and Portugal (July 29), acknowledged the insur- 
gent states as belligerents. 

The Confederates were routed at Philippi June 3. 

Union troops were repulsed at Big Bethel June 10. 

The Confederates were routed at Booneville June .^.7. 

The United States Congress met in extra session July 4. 

The Confederates were victorious at Carthage July 5. 

The Confederates were routed at Rich Mountain. . . .July 11. 

The Union army w^as routed at Bull Run July 21. 

The Confederates gained a victory at Wilson's Creek. Aug. 10. 

A Union force captured the forts at Hatteras Inlet. .Aug. 29. 

Lexington, Mo., was surrendered to the Confederates. Sep. 20. 

The Confederates gained a victory at Ball's Bluff Oct. 21. 

A Union force captured forts at Port Royal entrance . Nov. 7. 

The Confederates were victorious at Belmont Nov. 7. 



CHEONOLOGICAL KECAPITULATION. 187 

1861. Mason and Slidell were taken from a Br. steamer Nov. 8. 

1862. The Confederates were defeated at Mill Spring Jan. 19. 

Fort Henry was captured by a fleet of U. S. gunboats . Feb. 6. 

A Union force captured Roanoke Island . . .Feb. 8. 

Fort Donelson was captured by the Unionists Feb. 16. 

The Confederates were defeated at Pea Ridge March 8. 

The Mcrrimac destroyed two U. S. vessels Mar. 8 

Engagement between the Monitor and Merrimac. . .March 9. 

The Unionists captured Newbern March 14, 

The Confederates were defeated at Winchester INIarch 23. 

The Unionists gained a victory at Shiloh April 7. 

Island No. 10 was captured by the Unionists April 7. 

Fort Pulaski was surrendered to the Unionists April 11. 



New Orleans was captured by the Unionists April 



The Confederates retreated from Williamsburg May 5. 

The battle of Fair Oaks was fought May 31, June 1. 

Memphis surrendered to the Unionists June 6. 

" The Seven days' contest before Richmond" . . June 25- July 1. 

The battle of Cedar Mountain was fought Aug. 9. 

Battles between Manassas and Washington. .... .Aug. 23-30. 

The Confederates were victorious at Richmond, Ky. Aug. 30. 

The Confederates, under Lee, invaded Maryland Sept. 5. 

Lee's army was defeated at South Mountain Sept. 14. 

Harper's Ferry surrendered to the Confederates Sept. 15. 

Lee's army was defeated at Antietam Sept. 17. 

The Unionists were victorious at luka Sept. 19. 

T.The Confederates were repulsed at Corinth Oct. 4. 

The Unionists gained the battle of Periy ville Oct. 8. 

The Confederates gained a victory at Fredericksburg . Dec. 13. 

1863. Lincoln issued the Emancipation Proclamation Jan. 1. 

The Confederates captured Galveston Jan. 1. 

The Unionists gained a victory at Murfreesboro Jan. 2. 

The Unionists captured Arkansas Post Jan. 11. 

The Confederates were defeated at Port Gibson May 1. 

The Unionists were defeated at Chancellorsville May 3. 

West Virginia was admitted into the Union June 20. 

Lee made his second invasion of Maryland June 21. 

The Union army was victorious at Gettysburg July 3. 

Vicksburg was surrendered to the Unionists Jul}^ 4. 

Port Hudson was surrendered to the Unionists July 8. 

The great riot in New York occurred -July 13-10. 



188 CHRONOLOGICAL RECAPITULATION. 



1863. Morgan made a raid into Indiana and Ohio July. 

The Confederates were victorious at Chickamauga. .Sept. 20. 

Tlie Unionists gained a victory at Cliattanooga Nov. 25. 

The Confederates were repulsed before Knoxville.. .Nov. 29. 
1804. The Unionists were defeated at Olustee Feb. 20. 

Grant was appointed Lieu tenant- General March 3. 

Grant was appointed to command the U. S. armies.. Mar. 12. 

The Red River Expedition was made March and April. 

The Confederates captured Fort Pillow April 12. 

The Army of the Potomac began a forward movement. May 3. 

The battle of the Wilderness was fought May 5, 6. 

Sherman began his march against Atlanta May 7. 

The battles near Spottsylvania were fought May 9-21. 

The Unionists were routed near New Market May 15. 

The Confederates were defeated at Piedmont June 5. 

The Kearsarge met and sunk the Alabama June 19. 

The Confederates, under Early, invaded Maryland . . . July 4. 

The Confederates gained a victory at the Monocacy . . July 9. 

Sherman gained victories before Atlanta July 20, 22, 28. 

Chambersburg Avas sacked and partly burned July 30. 

The Unionists exploded a mine before Petersburg. . .July 30. 

The Unionists gained a victory in Mobile Bay Aug. 5. 

Sherman captured Atlanta Sept. 2. 

The Confederates were defeated at Winchester Sept. 19. 

The Confederates were routed at Fisher's Hill Sept. 22. 

The Unionists were victorious at Cedar Creek Oct. 19. 

Nevada was admitted into the Union Oct. 31. 

The Confederates were repulsed at Franklin Nov. 30. 

The Unionists gained a victory at Nashville Dec. 16, 

Savannah was occupied by Sherman's army Dec. 21. 

1865. Union troops and fleet captured Fort Fisher .Jan. 15. 

Sherman captured Columbia Feb. 17. 

Charleston was occupied by Union troops Feb. 18. 

Wilmington was captured by Union troops Feb. 22. 

The Freedmen's Bureau Bill became a law March 3. 

The Unionists were victorious at Averysboro March 16. 

The Confederates were routed at Benton ville ]March 20. 

Union troops occupied Petersburg and Richmond. . .April 3. 

Lee surrendered to Grant April 9. 

President Lincoln was assassinated April 14. 

Andrew Johnson w^as inaugm-ated president April 15. 



CHRONOLOGICAL EECAPITULATION. 189 

18G5. Gen. J. E. Johnston surrendered to Sliennan April 20 

Jefferson Davis Avas captured. May 10. 

Slavery was declared constitutionally abolished . . .Dec. IS. 

1806. Congress passed 2d F's Bureau Bill over veto July 10. 

1807. Nebraska was admitted hi to the Union. . . . March 1. 

Congress passed Reconstruction Bill over veto, . . .March 2. 

Congress passed Tenure-of-Office Bill over veto March 2. 

Alaska was purchased for $7,200,000 June 20. 

President Johnson suspended Stanton from office . . . Aug. 12. 

1808. The Senate non-concurred in Stanton's suspension. . . Jan. 13. 
The president declared Thomas in Stanton's place.. .Feb. 21. 
The House of Representatives impeached the president.Feb. 24. 
The president's trial was commenced in the Senate. .Mar. 30. 

He was acquitted on the eleventh article May 16. 

He was acquitted on two other articles May 26. 

Stanton resigned as secretary of war May 26. 



190 EEVIEW QUESTIONS. 



REVIEW QUESTIONS. 

PAGE 

1. Give the history of the slavery question . .» 136, 141, 150, 151, 152. 157, 158 

2. Give the account of John Brown's raid 157 

3. State the circumstances attending Lincoln's election 157, 158 

4. Give the facts in relation to the history of Fort Sumter 158-160 

5. How many and what states passed secession ordinances ? 186 

6. Give the history of the formation of the Southern Confederacy 15? 

7. What property did the Confederates take possession of ? 159 

8. What is said in connection with Lincoln's inauguration ? 159 

9. What, in connection with his inaugural address ? 159 

10. What three proclamations were issued in April, 1861 ? 160 

11. What occurred during that month in Baltimore ? 160 

12. How did the United States lose Harper's Feny and Norfolk ? 160, 161 

13. What movement was made by order of General Scott ? 161 

14. Give the particulars in relation to the battle of Bull Run 161, 162 

15. In relation to McClellan's campaign in West Virginia 162 

16. In relation to Lyon's successes, his defeat and death 162, 163 

17. In relation to Mulligan's defence and surrender 163 

18. What followed, connected with Fremont, Hunter, and Halleck ? 163 

19. Give the particulars of Baker's defeat at Ball's Bluff 163 

20. Of the coast expedition to North Carolina 163 

21. Of the coast expedition to South Carolina 163, 164 

22. Of the capture and release of Mason and Slidell 164 

23. Of the unfriendly action taken by England and France 164 

24. Give the history of the steamer Sumter 164 

25. How was the U. S. Navy increased and employed during 1861 ? 164, 166 

26. What changes in money matters took place in 1861 ? 166 

27. Name the important events'of 1861 186, 187 

28. What preparations were made as regards the Mississippi ? 166 

29. Give an account of Thomas's victor}' at Mill Spring 166 

30. Of Commodore Foote's success against Fort Henry 166 

31. Of Grant's success at Fort Donelson 166, 167 

32. Of the success of the expedition against Roanoke 167 

33. Of events in Arkansas during March, 1862 167 

31. Of events at and near Hampton Roads, March 8th and 9th 167, 168 

35. What two successes did General Pope gain in the West ? 168 

36. What success did Com. Davis have soon after ? 168 

37. Give a full account of the battle of Shiloh 168, 169 

38. What did General Halleck do after the battle ? 169 

39. To what position was General Halleck then called ? 169 

40. Give an account of the capture of New Orleans 169 

41. Of Rosecrans's two victories— luka and Corinth 169 

42. Of Bragg's march through Tennessee and Kentucky 169, 170 

43. What new organization of military departments was made ? 170 

44. How did McClellan begin his Peninsular Campaign ? 170 

45. What success did he have at Yorktown and Williamsburg ? 170 

46. Give some account of General Wool 145, 170 

47. Give an account of the battle of Fair Oaks 170, 171 



REVIEW QUESTIONS. 191 



PAGE 

48. Give an account of Banks's escape from capture 171 

49. Give an account of the "• Seven Days' Battle before Richmond" 171 

50. What change did Lincohi make in army organizations ? 171 

51. Give an account of the contest between Lee and Pope 171, 172 

52. What movement did Lee then make ? 172 

53. Give an account of the battle of South Mountain 172 

54. Of the loss (for the second time) of Harper's Ferry 172 

55. Of the battle of Antietam, and Lee's retreat 172 

5(i. Of McClellan's subsequent movements and loss of command 172 

57. Of Burnside's attempt to reach Richmond 172 

58. Name, in order, the important events of 1862 187 

59. What important event occurred on the Ist of January, 1863 ? 172 

60. State what took place at Galveston on that day 173 

61. Give an account of Rosecrans's victory at Murfreesboro 173 

62. Of the capture by Union forces of Arkansas Post 173 

68. Give an account of the battle of Chancellorsville 173 

64. What march and pursuit a month afterward took place ? 173 

65. Give an account of the battle of Gettysburg 173 

66. Give an account of Grant's success on the Mississippi 175 

67. Give an account of Banks's success at Port Hudson 175 

68. Of the entire contest for the Mississippi 166, 168, 169, 175 

69. Give an account of the battle of Chickamauga Creek 175 

70. Give an account of the battle of Chattanooga 175 

71. Give a sketch of Rosecrans's military career 169, 170, 175 

72. Give a sketch of Burnside's military career 167, 172, 173, 175 

73. Give an account of Morgan's raid into Indiana and Ohio 175, 176 

74. Give an account, with the cause, of the riot in New York City 176 

75. What service did the navy render during the year 1863 ? 176 

76. In what case, and why, was not the blockade successful ? 176 

77. Give the early history of the state of West Virginia 176 

78. Name, in order, the important events of 1863 187, 188 

79. What disaster befell the Unionists in Florida ? 176, 177 

80. Give the full account of the Red River expedition 177 

81. Give the full account of Forrest's raid in the West 177 

82. What two extensive campaigns were planned ? 177 

83. Give an account of the contest between Sherman and Johnston 177,178 

84. Give an account of the contest between Sherman and Hood 178 

85. Of events from the 4th to the 7th of May with the army of the Potomac 178 

86. Of the battles of Spottsylvania. North Anna, and Cold Harbor 178, 179 

; 7. V/hat movement did Meade aflerward make ? 179 

; -. What attempts vt're m.-ul^ to capture Petersburg ? I79 

.' :). Give a sketch of Sigel's military career 162, 167, 179 

1)0. Give an account of Early's invasion of Maryland I79 

91. Give a full account of the contest between Sheridan and Early 180 

92. Give an account of Sherman's march from Atlanta to Savannah 180 

93. Give a full account of the contest between Thomas and Hood 180, 181 

94. Give, in full, the history of the Confederate steamer Alabama 164, 181 

95. W^hat did Admiral Farragut accomplish during the war ? 169, 181 

96. W^hat was done by General Butler during the war ? 161, 169, 179, 181 

97. Name the important events of 1864 188 



192 REVIEW QUESTIONS. 



PAGE 

98. Give an account of the failure and success at Fort Fislier 181 

99. Give an account of Sherman's march from Savannah 181, 182 

100. Of his whole march from Chattanooga ITT, 178, 180, 181, 182 

101. Give an account of the closing military events of the war 182 

102. Give an accowlit of the events of April 1-lth, 15th, and 16th 182, 188 

103. Give an account of the other events of that month 182, 183, 188, 189 

104. Give an account of the other events of the year 1865 183, 188, 189 ^ 

105. Give the important military events in Grant's life. .163, 166, 168, 175, 177-182' 

106. Name, in order, the important events of 1865 • ■ • J^^' J'^^ 

107. State all the facts in connection with the Freedmen's Bureau Bills. . .183, lb9 

108. All, in connection with the subject of '• Reconstructing the Union ' . . 184 

109. All, In relation to the Tenure-of-Office Bill 184 

110. What can you state of Nebraska and Alaska ? 184 

111. Give the facts relating to Stanton's suspension from oflSice 184, 185 

112. Relate the events which grew olit of the suspension . 185 



Questions to be answered trom the Tables on page 193. 

1. How many president? of the United States have there been ?— 2. Give their 
names in the order of their succession.— 3. How many and which of them served 
two terms each?— 4. tVhich of them died while in office? (141, 151, 182.)— 5. By 
whom were they succeeded in office ? —6. How many states belonged to the 
Union when Washington was inaugurated in 1789 ? (Appendix, p. 11.)— 7. When 
did North Carolina and Rhode Island adopt the Constitution of the United States ? 
(Ap., p. 11.)— 8. Name the thirteen original states in the order of their settlement. 
—9. Name them in their geographical order, beginning with the one most north- 
easterly.— 10. How many states' belonged to the Union at the close of Washing- 
ton's administration ?— 11. Give the names of the three new states, with the dates 
of their admission into the Union.— 12. What addition was made to the Union 
during Jefterson's administration?— 13. What, during Madison's administra- 
tion?— 14. What, during Monroe's?— 15. Wliat, during Jackson's? -16. What, 
during Tyler's?— 17. What, during Polk's?— 18. What, during Fillmore's ?- 19. 
What, during Buchanan's ?— 20. What, during Lincoln's? - -21. What, during 
Johnson's ?— 22. Name the administrations during which no states were admitted 
to the Union. 



Johnson's administration. 



193 





PRESIDENTS AND VICE-PRESIDENTS OF THE UNITED STATES. 


NO. 
I. 


PRESIDENTS. 


RESIDENCE. 


INAUGURATED. 


VICE-PRESIDENTS. 

John Adams. ' 


George Washington. . 


Virginia 


April 30, 1789 


2. 






March 4, 1797 


Thomas Jefferson. 
Aaron Burr. 
George Clinton. 


3. 


Thomas Jefferson 


Virginia 


March 4, 1801 .... j 


4. 


James Madison 


Virginia 


March 4, 1809 .... | 


George Clinton. 
Elbridge Gerry. 


5. 


James Monroe 


Virginia 


March 4, 1817 


Daniel D. Tompkins. 


6. 


John Q. Adams 


Massachusetts . 


March 4, 1825 


John C. Calhoun. 


7. 


Andrew Jackson 


Tennessee 


March 4, 1829 ...A 


John C. Calhoun. 
Martin Van Buren. 


8 


Martin Van Buren . . . 


New York 


March 4, 1837 


Richard M. Johnson. 


9. 


William H. Harrison. 


Ohio 


March 4, 1841 


John Tyler. 


10. 


John Tyler.. 

James K. Polk 


Virginia 


April 6, 1841 




n. 


Tennessee 


March 4, 1845 


George M. Dallas. 


12. 


Zachary Taylor 


Louisiana 


March 5, 1849 


Millard Fillmore. 


13. 


Millard Fillmore 


New York 


July 10, 1850 




u. 


Franklin Pierce 


New Hampshire 


March 4, 1853 


William R. King. 


15. 


James Buchanan .... 


Pennsylvania . . 


March 4, 1857 


John C. Breckinridge. 


16, 


Abraham Lincoln 


Illinois 


March 4, 1861 ... . | 


Hannibal Hamlin. 
Andrew Johnson. 


17. 


Andrew Johnson 


Tennessee 


April 15, 1865 





SETTLEMENT AND ADMISSION OF THE STATES. 



STATES. 


SETTLED. 


ADMIT'D 


DURING 
WHOSE AD- 
MINISTRA- 
TION. 


When. 


Where. 


By whom. 


Virginia 


m)7 

1614 
1620 
1623 
1633 
1634 
1636 
1638 
1650 
16&4 
1670 
1682 
1733 
1724 
1775 
1757 
1788 
1699 
1730 
1716 
1720 
1711 
1625 
1764 
1685 
1670 
1565 
1692 
18:« 
1669 
1769 
1846 
1811 


Jamestown 

New York 

Plymouth 

Little Harbor 

Windsor 




1 
5 

m 

1 

1 
2 

H 

1791 i 

1792 J 
1796 \ 
1802 
1812/ 
1816 \ 
18171 
1818 
1819^ 
1820 
1821 J 
1836^ 
1837 i 
1845 
1815 1 
1846/ 
1848 i 
1850 
1858} 
1859 J 
1861 ) 
1863/ 
1864 y 
1867 


Washington. 

Jefferson. 

Madison. 

Monroe. 

Jackson. 

Tyler. 

Polk. 

Fillmore. 

Buchanan. 

Lincoln. 
Johnson. 


New York 


Dutch 


Massachusetts 

New Hampshire ... 

Connecticut 

Maryland 

Rhode Island 

Delaware 


English 




St. Mary's 

Providence 

Wilmington 

Chowan River . . . 

Elizabeth 

Ashley River 

Philadelphia 

Savannah 

Fort Dummer 

Boonesboro 

Fort Loudon 

Marietta 


English 

English 


Swedes 


North Carolina .... 

New Jersey 

South Carolina 

Pennsylvania 

Georgia 


English 


English 

English 

English 

English 


Vermont 




English 

English 

English 

French 




Ohio 


Louisiana 


Iberville 




Vincennes 

Natchez 


French 


Mississippi 


Illinois 


Kaskaskia 

Mobile 


French 








Bristol 

St. Louis 

Arkansas Post . . . 

Detroit 

St. Augustine 

San Antonio 

Burlington 

Green Bay 

San Diego 

St. Paul 


French 


Missouri .. 


French 


Arkansas 


French 


Michigan 


French 


Florida 

Texas 


Spaniards 

Spaniards 

En"-lish 


Iowa 


Wisconsin 


French 


(California 


Spaniards 

Americans 

Americans 

Americans 

English 

Americans 


Minnesota 




Kansas 




West Virginia.. . 






Nevada.? 






Nebraska 















THE DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE. 



A Declaratioji hy the Hepresentatives of the United States 
of America in Congress assembled^ Jidy Wi, 1776. 

Whex, in the course of human events, it becomes neces- 
sary for one people to dissolve the political bands which 
have connected them with another, and to assume, among 
the powers of the earth, the separate and equal station to 
which the laws of nature and of nature's God entitle 
them, a decent respect to the opinions of mankind re- 
quires that they should declare the causes which impel 
them to the separation. 

We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men 
are created equal ; that they are endowed by their Creator 
with certain unalienable rights; that among these, are 
life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness. That, to se- 
cure these rights, governments are instituted among men, 
deriving their just powers from the consent of the gov- 
erned ; that, whenever any form of government becomes 
destructive of these ends, it is the right of the people to 
alter or to abolish it, and to institute a new government, 
laying its foundation on such principles, and organizing 
its powers in such form, as to them shall seem most likely 
to effect their safety and happiness. Prudence, indeed, 
will dictate that governments long established, should not 



DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE. 



be changed for light and transient causes j and, accord- 
ingly, all experience hath shown, that mankind are more 
disposed to suiFer, while evils are sufferable, than to right 
themselves by abolishing the forms to w^hich they are ac- 
customed. But, when a long train of abuses and usurpa- 
tions, pursuing invariably the same object, evinces a de- 
sign to reduce them under absolute despotism, it is their 
right, it is their duty, to throw off such government, and 
to provide new guards for their future security. Such 
has been the patient sufferance of these colonies, and such 
is now the necessity which constrains them to alter their 
former systems of government. The history of the pres- 
ent king of Great Britain is a history of repeated injuries 
and usurpations, all having, in direct object, the establish- 
ment of an absolute tyranny over these states. To prove- 
this, let facts be submitted to a candid world : — 

He has refused his assent to laws the most wholesome 
and necessary for the public good. 

He has forbidden his governors to pass laws of imme- 
diate and pressing importance, unless suspended in their 
operation till his assent should be obtained ; and, when 
so suspended, he has utterly neglected to attend to 
them. 

He has refused to pass other law^s for the accommoda- 
tion of large districts of people, unless those people would 
relinquish the right of representation in the legislature; 
a right inestimable to them, and formidable to tyrants 
only. 

He has called together legislative bodies at places un- 
usual, uncomfortable, and distant from the depository of 
their public records, for the sole purpose of fatiguing them 
into compliance with his measures. 

He has dissolved representative houses repeatedly, for 
opposing, with manly firmness, his invasions on the rights 
of the people. 



DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE. 



He has refused, for a long time after such dissolutions, 
to cause others to be elected; whereby the legislative 
powers, incapable of annihilation, have returned to the 
people at large for their exercise ; the state remaining, in 
the mean time, exposed to all the danger of invasion from 
without, and convulsions within. 

He has endeavored to prevent the 2)opulation of these 
states ; for that purpose, obstructing the laws for natural- 
ization of foreigners ; refusing to pass others to encourage 
their migration hither, and raising the conditions of new 
appropriations of lands. 

He has obstructed the administration of justice, by 
refusing his assent to laws for establishing judiciary 
powers. 

He has made judges dependent on his will alone, for 
the tenure of their offices, and the amount and payment 
of their salaries. 

He has erected a multitude of new offices, and sent 
hither swarms of officers to harass our people, and eat out 
their substance. 

He has kept among us, in times of peace, standing ar- 
mies, without the consent of our legislatures. 

He has affected to render the military independent of, 
and superior to, the civil power. 

He has combined, with others, to subject us to a juris- 
diction foreign to our constitution, and unacknowledged 
by our laws ; giving his assent to their acts of pretended 
legislation : 

For quartering large bodies of armed troops among 
us: 

For protecting them by a mock trial, from punishment, 
for any murders which they should commit on the inhabit- 
ants of these states : 

For cutting off our trade with all parts of the world : . 

For imposing taxes on us without our consent : 



6 DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE. 

For depriving lis, in many cases, of the benefit of trial 
by jury: 

For transporting us beyond seas to be tried for pre- 
tended oftences 

For abolishing the free system of English laws in a 
neighboring province, establishing therein an arbitrary 
government, and enlarging its boundaries, so as to ren- 
der it at once an example and fit instrument for intro- 
ducing the same absolute rule into these colonies : 

For taking away our charters, abolishing our most val- 
uable laws, and altering, fundamentally, the powers of 
our governments: 

For suspending our own legislatures, and declaring 
themselves invested with power to legislate for us in all 
cases whatsoever. 

He has abdicated government here, by declaring us out 
of his protection, and waging war against us. 

He has plundered our seas, ravaged our coasts, burnt 
our towns, and destroyed the lives of our people. 

He is, at this time, transporting large armies of foreign 
mercenaries to complete the works of death, desolation, 
and tyranny, already begun, with circumstances of cruelty 
and perfidy scarcely paralleled in the most barbarous ages, 
and totally unworthy the head of a civilized nation. 

He has constrained our fellow-citizens, taken captive 
on the high seas, to bear arms against their country, to 
become the executioners of their friends and brethren, or 
to fall themselves by their hands. 

He has excited domestic insurrections amongst us, and 
has endeavored to bring on the inhabitants of our fron- 
tiers, the merciless Indian savages, whose known rule of 
warfare is an undistinguished destruction of all ages, 
sexes, and conditions. 

In every stage of these oppressions, we have petitioned 
for redress, in the most humble terms ; our repeated peti- 



DECLARATION OP INDEPENDENCE. 



tions have been answered only by repeated injury. A 
prince, whose charac'ter is thus marked by every act 
which may dehne a tyrant, is unlit to be the ruler of a 
free people. 

Nor have we been wanting in attention to our British 
brethren. We have warned them, from time to time, of 
attempts made by their legislature to extend an unwar- 
rantable jurisdiction over us. We have reminded them 
of the circumstances of our emigration and settlement 
here. We have appealed to their native justice and mag- 
nanimity, and we have conjured them, by the ties of our 
common kindred, to disavow these usurpations, which 
would inevitably interrupt our connections and corre- 
spondence. They, too, have been deaf to the voice of 
justice and consanguinity. We must, therefore, acqui- 
esce in the necessity which denounces our separation, 
and hold them, as we hold the rest of mankind, enemies 
in war, in peace, friends. 

We, therefore, the representatives of the United States 
of America, in general Congress assembled, appealing to 
the Supreme Judge of the world for the rectitude of our 
intentions, do, in the name, and by the authority of the 
good people of these colonies, solemnly publish and de- 
clare, that these United Colonies are, and of right ought 
to be, free and independent states ; that they are absolved 
from all allegiance to the British crown, and that all po- 
litical connection between them and the state of Great 
Britain, is, and ought to be, totally dissolved ; and that, 
as free and independent states, they have full power to 
levy war, conclude peace, contract alliances, establish 
commerce, and to do all other acts and things which in- 
dependent states may of right do. And, for the support 
of this declaration, with a firm reliance on the protection 
of Divine Providence, we mutually ])lcdge to each other, 
our lives, our fortunes, and our sacred honor. 



8 



DECLARATION OP INDEPENDENCE. 



The foregoing declaration was, by order of Congress, 
engrossed, and signed by the following members * 

JOHN HANCOCK. 



New Ilamj)sliire. 
Josiah Bartlett, 
William Whipple, 
Matthew Thornton. 



Massachusetts . 
Samuel Adams, 
John Adams, 
Robert Treat Paine, 
Elbridge Gerry. 

Rhode Island. 
Stephen Hopkins, 
William Ellery. 

Connecticut. 
Roger Sherman, 
Samuel Huntington, 
William Williams, 
Oliver Wolcott. 

NeiD YorTc. 
William Floyd, 
Philip Livingston. 
Francis I^ewis, 
Lewis Morris. 



NeiD Jersey. 
Richard Stockton, 
John Witherspoon, 
Francis Hopkinson, 
John Hart, 
Abraham Clark. 

Pennsylvania. 
Robert Morris, 
Benjamin Rush, 
Benjamin Franklin, 
John Morton, 
George Clymer, 
James Smith, 
George Taylor, 
James Wilson, 
George Ross. 

Delaware. 
Caesar Rodney, 
George Read, 
Thomas M'Kean. 

Maryland. 
Samuel Chase, 
William Paca, 
Thomas Stone, 



Charles Carroll, of Car- 
rollton. 

Virginia. 
George Wythe, 
Richard Henry Lee, 
Thomas Jefferson, 
Benjamin Harrison, 
Thomas Nelson, jun., 
Francis Lightfoot Lee, 
Carter Braxton. 

North Carolina. 
William Hooper, 
Joseph Hewes, 
John Penn. 

South Carolina. 
Edward Rutledge, 
Thomas Heyward,jun. 
Thomas Lynch,jun. 
Arthur Middleton. 

Georgia. 
Button Gwinnett, 
Lyman Hall, 
George Walton. 



THE CONSTITUTION 

OF 

THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. 



1. Origin op the Constitution. — When the Revolu- 
tionary struggle commenced, there were three forms of 
colonial government in force among the colonies, namely: 
the provincial or royal, the proprietary, and the charter. 
The provisional or royal government was under the con- 
trol of a governor, who, appointed by the king, adminis- 
tered affairs according to instructions from his royal mas- 
ter. The colonies of this class were New Hampshire, 
New York, New Jersey, Virginia, North Carolina, South 
Carolina, and Georgia. 

2. The pix)prietary government was under the control of 
one or more proprietors, who derived their authority by 
grant and privileges conferred by the king. Pennsylva- 
nia, Delaware, and Maryland were subject to the proprie- 
tary rule. The charter government secured certain politi- 
cal rights to the people by royal charter. Of this class 
were Massachusetts, Rhode Island, and Connecticut. 

3. On the 11th of June, 17V6, Congress resolved that a 
committee should be appointed to prepare a form of con- 



1. What forms of o^overnment existed amorif; the colonies previous to the 
Revolution? What was the provincial or royal government? Which of the 
colonies were provincial or royal V 

2, What was the proprietary ffovernment? Give the names of the colonies 
that were subjected to the proprietary rule ? What was the charter government ? 
Which of the colonies had charters ? 



10 CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 



federation, to be entered into by the colonies. On the 
12th of July following, this committee, consisting of one 
from each state, reported a draft of Articles of Confedera- 
tion. The Report was considered and debated from time 
to time until the 15th of November, 1VV7, w^hen, with some 
amendments, it was adopted. 

4. These Articles of Confederation were ratified in 1778 
by all the states except Delaware and Maryland, and by 
Delaware in 1779; but, in consequence of the delay on 
the part of Maryland, they did not go into eifect until the 
1st of March, 1781, the day on which they were signed 
by the delegates from that state. 

5. It was soon found that the Articles of Confederation 
were not adequate to the wants of the government. They 
were deficient as regards the regulation of commerce, the 
settling of controversies between the states, the making 
of treaties with foreign nations, and especially so in not 
conferring the necessary power upon Congress to liqui- 
date the debts incurred during the war. 

6. Consequently, a convention of delegates from all the 
states, except Rhode Island, met at Philadelphia, in May, 
1787, for the purpose of revising the Articles of Confed- 
eration ; but it was thought best by a majority of the 
delegates to adopt an entirely new form of government, 
instead of making any attempts to amend the defective 
one then in existence. Accordingly, on the 17th of Sep- 
tember, 1787, after four months' deliberation, the present 
Constitution, — except some changes which were made 
in after years, — was adopted by the Convention. 



3. What resolution was first adopted in Congress in relation to a form of con- 
federation ? Give the subsequent history of the measure. 

4. When did the states ratify the Articles of Confederation ? When did the 
Articles of Confederation go into effect ? 

5. What was soon ascertained with reference to the Articles of Confedera- 
tion ? In what respects were they deficient ? 

6. What convention was held in May, 1787 ? What was done by the conven- 
tion? 



CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 11 



^ 7. The new Constitution was submitted to the people, 
who, in the newspapers, legislative halls, and elsewhere, 
discussed it with earnestness and thoroughness ; the rati- 
fication of nine states being requisite before it could go 
into effect. It met with considerable opposition -, but 
after it had been adopted by all the states, except North 
Carolina and Khode Island, it went into operation, March 
4th; 1789. 



The Constitution was Adopted as follows 

By Delaware, on the 7th of December 1787 

Pennsylvania, on the 12th of December 1787 

Kew Jersey, on the 18th of December 1787 

Georgia, on the 2d of Januaiy 1788 

Connecticut, on the 9th of Januaiy ... 1788 

Massachusetts, on the 6th of February. 1788 

Maryland, on the 28th of April 1788 

South Carolina, on the 23d of May 1788 

New Hampshire, on the 21st of June 1788 

Virginia, on the 26th of June .. - 1788 

New York, on the 26th of July 1788 

North Carolina, on the 21st of November 1789 

Rhode Island, on the 29th of May 1790 



7. To whom was the Constitution submitted? Where Avas it discussed? 
How many states were required to ratify it before it could ^o into effect ? When 
did it go into operation ? Which of the states had adopted it at that time ? 



THE CONSTITUTION, 



PREAMBLE. 



"We, the people of the United States, in order to form a 
more perfect union, establish justice, insure domestic 
tranquillity, provide for the common defence, promote 
the general welfare, and secure the blessings of liberty 
to ourselves and our posterity, do ordain and establish 
this Constitution for the United States of America. 

ARTICLE L 

THE LEGISLATIVE DEPARTMENT. 

SECTION I. 

All legislative powers herein granted shall be vested in 
a Congress of the United States, which shall consist of a 
Senate and House of Representatives. 

SECTION II. 

1st Clause. The House of Representatives shall be com- 
posed of members chosen every second year by the peo- 



Preamble.— What is the introductory part of the Constitution called ? What 
is the object of the preamble ? A)is. To state the purposes of the Constitution. 
How many and what purposes are stated In the preamble ? By whom was the 
Constitution ordained and established ? Recite the preamble. How many and 
what departments of srovernment are established under the Constitution ? Atis. 
Three: the legislative, the judicial, and the executive. What is the lecislative 
department? Ans. The power that enacts the laws. What is the executive de- 
partment? Ans. Thepower that enforces the laws. What is the judicial depart- 
ment? Ans. The power that interprets the laws. 

Article I.—Sec. 1. Of what does Article first of the Constitution treat ? In 
whom is the legislative power vested? Of how many and what branches does 
Confess consist? 



CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 13 



pie of the several states, and the electors in each state 
shall have the qualifications requisite for electors of the 
most numerous branch of the state legislature. 

Id Clause. No person shall be a representative who 
shall not have attained to the age of twenty-five years, 
and been seven years a citizen of the United States, and 
who shall not, when elected, be an inhabitant of that state 
in which he shall be chosen. 

3^ Clause. Representatives and direct taxes shall be ap- 
portioned among the several states which may be included 
Avithin this Union, according to their respective numbers, 
which shall be determined by adding to the whole number 
of free persons, including those bound to service for a 
term of years, and excluding Indians not taxed, three- 
fifths of all other persons. The actual enumei-ation shall 
be made within three years after the first meeting of the 
Congress of the United States, and within every subse- 
quent term of ten years, in such manner as they shall by 
law direct. The number of representatives shall not ex- 
ceed one for every thirty thousand, but each state shall 
have at least one representative ; and until such enumera- 
tion shall be made, the state of New Hampshire shall 
be entitled to choose three, Massachusetts eight, Rhode 
Island and Providence Plantations one, Connecticut five, 

Sec. ll.—lst Clavse.—By whom aro the rei)res(.ntatives chosen ? How often 
are they chosen ? What qualifications are requisite lor electors of representa- 
tives? What is an elector? Ans. One who has the right to vote in choosing an 
officer. 

2d Clause.— How old must a person be before he can be a representative? 
How long must he have been a citizen of the United States ? What is the 
requisite in regard to his habitation ? Now name the three qualifications 
requisite for a representative. 

M Clause.— Hovi are representatives and direct taxes apportioned among the 
states? How are the respective numbers of the representative fopulation of 
the several state* to be determined ? W^hat provision is made in regard to 
Indians? What was meant by ''all other persons ?" Ans. Slaves. When was 
the first census or enumeration to be made ? How often thereafter is the census 
to be made ? How many inhabitants at least are required for one representative ? 
If a state should not have that number, what is the law ? Was the first represent- 
ation in Congress based upon the actual population of the several states ? Which 
state at first sent the greatest number of representatives? Which two states 
sent the smallest number? Of how many members did the first House of Rep- 
resentatives consist? O; \\o\v many does the present Hcu;-c consist? (338.) 



14 CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 

New York six, Kow Jersey four, Pennsylvania eight, Del- 
aware one, Maryland six, Virginia ten, North Carolina 
five, South Carolina five, and Georgia three. 

Ath Clause. When vacancies happen in the representa- 
tion from any state, the executive authority thereof shall 
issue writs of election to fill such vacancies. 

bth Cause. The House of IJepresentatives shall choose 
their speaker and other ofiicers ; and shall have the sole 
power of impeachment. 

SECTION ITT. 

1st Clause. The Senate of the United States shall be 
composed of two senators from each state, chosen by tlie 
legislature thereof, for six years ; and each senator shall 
have one vote. 

2d Clause. Immediately after they shall be assembled 
in consequence of the first election, they shall be divided 
as equally as may be into three classes. The seats of the 
senators of the first class shall be vacated at the expira- 
tion of the second year, of the second class at the expira- 
tion of tlie fi)urth year, and of the third class at the ex- 
piration of the sixth year, so tliat one-third may be chosen 
every second year; and if vacancies happen by resigna- 



Ath Clause.— Wow are vacancies in the representation of a state to be fllled? 

bill Clavse. — By whom is tlie speaker of the House of Representatives 
chosen? By whom are the other officers of the House chosen? What sole 
power has the House? Wiiat is meant by impeachment? Aiis. An accusation 
ajrainst a T)ublic officer, charging him with misconduct in the discharge of his 
official duties. 

8kc. 111.-1.9^ Chijife.—O^ \v\\on\ is the Senate composed? By whom are the 
senators chosen ? For liow long a period are they chosen ? How does the mode 
of electing a senator dil!er from that of a representative? Arif:. A seiialor of the 
United States is chosen by the leirislature of his state; a representative is chosen 
by the people. How do their terms of office difl'er? Aris. A senator is chosen 
forsixvears; a representative for only two. How many votes is each si-nator 
entitled to? Have the large states any more senators than the small ones? 

•M Claiifte.—lnXo how many classes were tlie senators at first divided ? In 
what order were their seats of office vacated ? What pro-portion of tlu; Senate 
is elected every second year ? How often is one-third elected ? When may the 
executive of a state till a vacancy in the Senate ? For how long a time does a 
senator so appointed hold his office? How is the vacancy then filled? Now 
state how vacancies in the Senate are filled. 



CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 15 

tion, or otherwise, during the recess of the legislature of 
any state, the executive thereof may make temporary 
appointments until the next meeting of the legislature, 
which shall then fill such vacancies. 

od Clause. No person shall be a senator who shall not 
have attained to the age of thirty years, and been nine 
years a citizen of the United States, and who shall not, 
when elected, be an inhabitant of that state for which he 
shall be chosen. 

Ath Clause. The vice-president of the United States 
shall be president of the Senate, but shall have no vote, 
unless they be equally divided. 

bth Clause. The Senate shall choose then- other officers, 
and also a president pro tempore, in the absence of the 
vice-president, or when he shall exercise the office of presi- 
dent of the United States. 

<dth Clause. The Senate shall have the sole power to 
try all impeachments. When sitting for that purpose, 
they shall all be on oath or affirmation. When the presi- 
dent of the United States is tried, tlie chief-justice shall 
preside ; and no person shall be convicted without the 
concurrence of two-thirds of the members present. 

^ith Clause. Judgment in cases of impeachment shall 
not extend further than to removal from office, and dis- 
qualification to hold and enjoy any office ol' honor, trust, 



M Clause.— Yiow olrl must a person be before he can be a senator? How Ions: 
nuist he have been a citizen of the United States? What is required of him in 
reirard to residence? Now name the three requisites for a senator. How do 
they differ from those of a representative ? (See pa^e 13.) 

Afk Clause.— W\^ho is president of the Senate ? When only is he entitled to 
vote ? 

5th Clause.— \N\i&t officers are chosen by the Senate? What is meant by a 
'•president pro tempore?" Ans. One chosen only for the time being. When 
does the Senate choose a "president pro tempore ?" 

[\th Clause. — What sole power has the Senate? What sole power b;is the. 
House? (See pa<re 14.) Under what solemnity does the Senate sit for the trial 
of impeachments? When does the chief-justice preside in the Senate? Who 
presides when the president of the United" States is tried ? What proportion of 
the Senate is necessary to a conviction ? 

7/^ C'to/A'e.— How far may judgment extend in cases of impeachment ? To 
what is the convicted party further liable? 



16 CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 

or protit under the United States ; but the party convicted 
shall nevertheless be liable and subject to indictment, 
trial, judgment, and punishment, according to law. 

SECTION IV. 

l6'^ Clause. The times, places, and manner of holding 
elections for senators and re[)resentatives, shall be pre- 
scribed in each state by the legislature thereof; but the 
Congress may at any time by law make or alter such reg- 
ulations, except as to the places of choosing senators. 

2d Clause. The Congress shall assemble at least once 
in every year, and such meeting shall be on the first Mon- 
day in December, unless they shall by law appoint a dif- 
ferent day. 

SECTION V. 

\st Clause. Each house shall be the judge of the elec- 
tions, returns, and qualifications of its own members, and a 
majority of each shall constitute a quorum to do business ; 
but a smaller number may adjourn from day to day, and 
may be authorized to compel the attendance of absent 
members, in such manner and under such })enalties as 
each house may provide. 

2d Clause. Each house may determine the rules of its 
proceedings, punish its members for disorderly behavior, 
and, with the concurrence of two-thirds, expel a member. 

^d Clause. Each house shall keep a journal of its pro- 



Sec. IV,— Is^ Clause.— 'Wh&ti's, prescribed by each state legislature in regard 
to elections for senators and representatives ? What power has Congress over 
Buch regulations ? 

'Hd Ulause.— How often does Congress assemble ? On what day is it prescribed 
that the meeting shall take place ? May a different day be appointed y How ? 

Sec. v.— 1.>^(! Clause.— Of what is each house constituted the judge? What 
proportion constitutes a quorum ? What is meant by a quorum ? Ans. A suffi- 
cient number to do business. What power do a smaller number possess as re- 
gards adjourning ? What else may they do as regards absentees ? 

2d 67aM*e.— What power has each house over the rules of its proceedings? 
What power does each house possess for enforcing its rules ? 

M Clause.— What is required of each house, in respect to keeping a journal ? 
How is publicity given to the proceedings of Congress ? What part'of its jour- 
nal may either hcmse withhold from piil)lication ?' 

When shall the yeas and nays be entered ou the journal ? 



CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 17 



ceediiigs, and from time to time publish the same, except- 
ing such parts as may in their judgment require secrecy; 
and the yeas and nays of the members of either house 
on any question, shall, at the desire of one-fifth of those 
present, be entered on the journal. 

4?A Clause, Neither house, during the session of Con- 
gress shall, without the consent of the other adjourn for 
more than three days, nor to any other place than that 
in which the two houses shall be sitting. 



SECTION vr. 

\st Clause. The senators and representatives shall re- 
ceive a compensation for their services, to be ascertained 
by law, and paid out of the treasury of the United States. 
They shall, in all cases, except treason, felony, and breach 
of the peace, be privileged from arrest during their at- 
tendance at the session of their respective houses, and in 
going to and returning from the same ; and for any speech 
or debate in either house, they shall not be questioned in 
any other place. 

2d Clause. No senator or representative shall, during 
the time for which he was elected, be appointed to any 
civil office under the authority of the United States, which 
shall have been created, or the emoluments whereof shall 
have been increased during such time; and no person 

Ath Clause.— For what length of time maj- either house adjonrn without the 
consent of the other ? How is each house restricted as regards the place to 
which it may adjourn ? 

Sec. Yl.—lst Clause.— Axe members of Congress compensated for their ser- 
vices ? How is the compensation determined ? Are members of Congress paid 
by their states respectively, or by the general government ? Ans. They are 
compensated by the general government, out of the treasury of the United States. 
What personal privileges are members of Congress entitled to V What are the 
three exceptions to the general privilege that the Constitution allows to Con- 
gressmen ■? In what does treason consist ? (See p. 33.) What is felony ? Ans. 
A crime punishable with death. What is meant by a breach of the peace ? 
Ans. A violation of the public order. For what are members of Congress not 
to be questioned ? 

2<? Ctowse.— To what offices cannot members of Congress be elected? Sup- 
pose that a person holds an office under the United States, what then ? 



18 CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 



holding any office under the United States, shall be a 
member of either house during his continuance in office. 

SECTION VIL 

1st Clause. All bills for raising revenue shall originate 
in the House of Representatives ; but the Senate may pro- 
pose or concur with amendments as on other bills. 

2d Clause. Every bill which shall have passed the House 
of Representatives and the Senate, shall, before it become 
a law, be presented to the president of the United States ; 
if he approve he shall sign it, but if not he shall return 
it, with his objections, to that house in which it shall have 
originated, w^ho shall enter the objections at large on their 
journal, and proceed to reconsider it. If after such re- 
consideration two-thirds qf that house shall agree to pass 
the bill, it shall be sent, together with the objections, to 
the other house, by which it shall likewise be reconsid- 
ered, and if approved by two-thirds of that house, it shall 
become a law. But in all such cases the votes of both 
houses shall be determined by yeas and nays, and the 
names of the persons voting for and against the bill shall 
be entered on the journal of each house respectively. If 
any bill shall not be returned by the president within ten 
days (Sundays excepted) after it shall have been presented 
to him, the same shall be a law, in like manner as if he 

Sec. l.—lst Clavse.— In which branch of Congress must all bills for raising 
revenue originate ? What power has the Senate over such bills ? 

2d Clause.— After a bill has passed both houses of Congress, what must be 
done with it ? What must the president do with the bill ? What is the presi- 
dent's act of objecting to a bill called ? Ans. A veto. Why was the veto po\v(>r 
given to the president'? Ans. To enable him to protect the executive depart- 
ment of the government against the encroachments of the legislature : also with 
a view to greater security against the enactment of improper laws. When the 
president vetoes a bill, what is the duty of the house to which it is sent ? When 
is the bill sent to the other house? What accompanies the bill to the other 
house '? Then what does that other house do with the bill ? If two-thirds ap- 
prove of the bill, what then ? Now state how a bill may become a law, notwith- 
standing the veto of the president ? When the two houses reconsider a vetoed 
bill, how do they determine the votes ? What record of names is imperative ? 
State how a bill may become law, even though the president has neither signed 
nor vetoed it. In what case does a bill fail to become a law, though it has 
passed both houses of Congress, and is not vetoed ? 



CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 19 



had signed it, unless the Congress by their adjournment 
prevent its return, in which case it shall not be a law. 

3d Clause. Every order, resolution, or vote to which 
tlie concurrence of the Senate and House of Representa- 
tives may be necessary (except on a question of adjourn- 
ment) shall be presented to the president of the United 
States ; and before the same shall take effect, shall be ap- 
proved by him, or being disapproved by liim, shall be 
repassed by two-thircls of the Senate and House of Rep- 
resentatives, according to the rules and limitations pre- 
scribed in the case of a bill. 



SECTION VIII. 

The Congress shall have power — 

1st Clause. To lay and collect taxes, duties, imposts, 
and excises, to pay the debts and provide for the com- 
mon defence and general welfare of the United States ; but 
all duties, imposts, and excises shall be uniform through- 
out the United States ; 

2c? Clause. To borrow money on the credit of the United 
States ; 

3d Clause. To regulate commerce with foreign nations, 
and among the several states, and with the Indian tribes ; 

3^ Clause.— What is necessary to be done with orders, resolutions, and votes, 
requirino- the concurrence of both houses before they can take effect ? What is 
tlie object of the provision? Ans. If it were not for the provision, Congress 
mi"-ht pass laws, calling them orders or resolutions, and thus evade the presi- 
dent's veto. When the president vetoes an order, resolution, or vote, what 
course does it take '? In what case, requiring the concurrent action of both 
houses, has the president no veto power ? 

Sec. VIII.— l.s/! Clause.— What power has Congress in regard to taxes, duties, 
imposts, and excises ? What are taxes ? Ans. Contributions of money exacted 
by government from individuals, for public purposes. How many kinds of taxes 
are there? Ans. Two; direct and indirect. What are direct taxes? Ans. 
Taxes laid directly on the person or property of individuals. What are indirect 
taxes ? Ans. Taxes laid on the importation, exportation, and consumption oi 
goods. What are duties? Ans. Taxes on the importation or exportation of 
goods. What are imposts? Ans. Taxes on goods imported. What are ex- 
cises ? Ans. Taxes on goods produced or manufactured in the country. 

2d Clause.— What power has Congress in regard to borrowing money ? 

3d Clause.— What in regard to regulating commerce ? 



20 CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 

Uh Clause. To establish a uniform rule of naturaliza- 
tion, and uniform laws on the subject of bankruptcies 
throughout the United States ; 

bth Clause. To coin money, regulate the value thereof, 
and of foreign coin, and fix the standard of weights and 
measures ; 

Qth Clause. To provide for the punishment of counter- 
feiting the securities and current coin of the United States ; 

Ith Clause. To establish post-offices and post-roads ; 

8^A Clause. To promote the progress of science and 
useful arts, by securing for limited times to authors and 
inventors the exclusive right to their respective writings 
and discoveries ; 

Qth Clause. To constitute tribunals inferior to the su- 
preme court; 

lO^A Clause. To define and punish piracies and felonies 
committed on the high seas, and oifences against the law 
of nations ; 

ll^A Clause. To declare war, grant letters of marque 

4ih CTawse.— What in regard to a rule of naturalization ? What is meant by 
naturalization ? Ans. The act by which a foreigner becomes a citizen of the 
United States. How long must a person reside in the United States before he 
can be naturalized ? Ans. Five years. What power has Congress in regard to 
bankruptcies ? What is meant by bankruptcies ? Ans. A person is a bankrupt 
when he is unable to pay his just debts. 

5/A Clause.— W\\ni power has Congress in regard to coining money ? What, 
in regard to the value of money ? What, in regard to foreign coins ? W^hat, in 
regafd to weights and measures. 

&h Clause.— W\\Sit power has Congress in regard to counterfeiting? 

1th Clause. —V^ha.i power has Congress in regard to post-offices and post-roads ? 

8/A Clause.— In what way may (Congress promote the progress of science and 
arts? For how long a time is the author of a book entitled to the exclusive 
right of publishing it? Ans. Twenty-eight years? W'hat is the right called ? 
Ans. A copyright. Maya copyright be renewed? Ans. At the expiration of 
the twenty-eight years, it may be renewed for the further period of four! een years. 
For how long a time is the inventor of a machine entitled to the exclusive right 
of manufacturing it? Ans. Fourteen years. What is the right called? A 
patent right. Can a patent right be extended? Atis. The commissioner of 
patents is authorized, at the end of the fourteen years, to extend the right for 
the further period of seven years. 

Wh Clause.— What power has Congress in regard to judicial tribunals ? 

Wth Clause.— Wh&i. in regard to piracies, felonies, etc.? What is piracy ? 
Ans. Robbery on the high seas? What is meant by the term "high seas?" 
Ans. All the waters of the ocean beyond the boundaries of low-water mark. 

Uth CTfl«.-^e.— What power has Congress in regard to declaring war ? What, 
in regard to " letters of marque and reprisal ?"' What are letters of marque and 



CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 21 

and reprisal, and make rules concerning captures on land 
and water ; 

\2th Clause. To raise and support armies; but no ap- 
propriation of money to that use shall be for a longer 
term than two years ; 

ISih Clause. To provide and maintain a navy; 

lUh Clause. To make rules for the government and 
regulation of the land and naval forces; 

loth Clause. To provide for calling forth the militia to 
execute the laws of the Union, suppress insurrections, and 
repel invasions ; 

\Qth Clause. To provide for organizing, arming, and 
disciplining the militia, and for governing such part of 
them as may be employed in the service of the United 
States, reserving to the states respectively the appoint- 
ment of the officers, and tlie authority of training the 
militia according to the discipline prescribed by Con- 
gress ; 

nth Clause. To exercise exclusive legislation in all 
cases whatsoever, over such district (not exceeding ten 
miles square) as may, by cession of particular states, and 
the acceptance of Congress, become the seat of the gov- 

reprisal ? Arts. Commissions granted by the government to individuals, author- 
izing them to prey upon the commerce of another nation. What power has 
Congress in regard to rules concerning captures ? 

12/A Clause. — What power has Congress in regard to armies. In what way 
is such power restricted ? 

VMh Clause.— W\\&1 power has Congress in regard to a navy ? 

lUli Clause.— ^h&t power in regard to the government of the land and naval 
forces ? 

Ibth Clause. — What power in regard to calling forth the militia, etc. ? 

mth Clause.— Wh&t power in regard to organizing armies, and disciplining 
the militia'/ What, in regard to governing the militia? What reservations are 
secured to the respective states ? 

IWi Clause.— What power has Congress in regard to the seat of government, 
and to places purchased for certain purposes set forth"? What is the district 
occupied as the seat of government called? Ans. The District of Columbia. 
How large was the District of Columbia originally ? Ans. Ten square miles. 
From what states had it been derived ? Ans. By cession from the states of 
Maryland and Virginia? Is the District of Columbia at present ten miles 
square ? Aiis. The portion derived from Virginia having been ceded back to 
that state, in 1846, the District is now confined to the Maryland side of the Po- 
tomac. What consent is requisite before the United States can acquire property 
in a state for the erection of forts, magazines, etc. 



22 CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 



ernmeut of the United States ; and to exercise like author- 
ity over all places purchased by the consent of the legis- 
lature of the state in which the same shall be, for the 
erection of forts, magazines, arsenals, dock-yards, and 
other needful buildings ; — and 

18^A Clmise. To make all laws which shall be njecessary 
and proper for carrying into execution the foregoing 
powers, and all other powers vested by this Constitution 
in the government of the United States, or in any depart- 
ment or officer thereof. 

SECTION IX. 

\st Clause. The migration or importation of such per- 
sons as any of the states now existing shall think proper 
to admit, shall not be prohibited by the Congress prior 
to the year one thousand eight hundred and eight, but a 
tax or duty may be imposed on such importation, not ex- 
ceeding ten dollars for each person. 

2c? Clause. The privilege of the writ of habeas corpus 
shall not be suspended, unless when in cases of rebellion 
or invasion the public safety may require it. 

3c7 Clause. Xo bill of attainder or ex post facto law 
shall be passed. 

l^lh Clause.— \\^\\a.i general powers are conferred upon Congress in regard to 
making laws ? 

Sec. \'X..—\st Ctaiise.—S^hait restriction was imposed upon Congress in re- 
gard to the migrati(m or importation of certain persons ? Wlio were meant by 
" sucli persons 'i Aiis. Slaves. What was the great object of the clause '? Ans. 
To enable Congress to put an end to the importation of slaves into the United 
States, after the year 1808. In what w^ay was Congress left to restrain the im- 
portation without actually forbidding it? When was the importation actually 
prohibited ? Ans. On the 1st of Januar3\ 1808. 

M Clause.— What is said of the writ of habeas corpus? What is a writ of 
habeas coq^ns? Ans. A written command from a .iudtre or other magistrate, 
directing that the body of a certain person shall be brouLrht before him. What 
is the object of the writ? Ans. To provide a means of redress for all manner 
of illegal imprisonment. Repeat the clause in relation to the writ of habeas 
corpus. In what cases may the privilege of the writ of habeas corpus be sus- 
pended? 

M Clavse.—S^h&i is said of bills of attainder or ex post facto laws ? What 
is a bill of attainder? Ans. An act of the legislature inflicting the punishment 
of death, without trial, upon persons supposed to be guilty of high crimes. 
What is an ox post facto law? Ans. A law which renders an act punishable 
which was not punishable at the time of its commission. 



CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 23 

A,th Clause. No capitation, or other direct tax shall be 
laid, unless in proportion to the census or enumeration 
herein before directed to be taken. 

bth Clause. No tax or duty shall be laid on articles 
exported from any state. 

ijth Clause. No preference shall be given by any regu- 
lation of commerce or revenue to the j^orts of one state 
over those of another: nor shall vessels bound to, or 
from, one state, be obliged to enter, clear, or pay duties 
in another. 

ItJh Clause. No money shall be drawn from the treas- 
ury, but m consequence of appropriations made by law; 
and a regular statement and account of the receipts and 
expenditures of all public money shall be published from 
time to time. 

^th Clause. No title of nobility shall be granted by the 
United States : and no person holding any office of profit 
or trust under them, shall, without the consent of the 
Congress, accept of any present, emolument, office, or title, 
of any kind whatever, from any king, prince, or foreign 
state. 

SECTION X. 

\st Clause. No state shall enter into any treaty, alliance, 
or confederation; grant letters of marque and repiisal; 
coin money ; emit bills of credit ; make any thing but 

Uh Clause.— In what way may Congress lay a capitation or other direct tax ? 
What is meant by a capitation tax ? Ans. A direct tax upon individuals. How 
is the census to be taken ? (See p. 13.) , .' ^ ^. , 

Wi Ckmse.—Vfh&i prohibition is imposed upon Congress in relation to articles 
exported from any state ? , ^. ^ 

Qth 6Va?/s«.— What preference is forbidden in relation to a regulation of com- 
merce or revenue ? What freedom have vessels that are bound from one state 
to another ? , •, ^ ^ *, 

Wi Clause.— Vxidev what circumstances only can money be drawn Irom the 
national treasury? What publication must be made in regard to receipts and 
expenditures of all public money? _ 

ith Clau.se.—Wh&i is said in the Constitution about titles of nobility ? W hat 
is said of officeholders accepting presents, etc. ? Under what circumstances 
may an officeholder accept a present ? Eepeat the clause relating to titles and 

Sec.^X.— l5(; 6'toMse.— What prohibition is placed upon the several states 



24 CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 

gold and silver coin a tender in payment of debts ; pass 
any bill of attainder, ex post fa(;to law, or law impairini^ 
the obligation of contracts, or grant any title of nobility, 

2d Clause. No state shall, without the consent of the 
Congress, lay any imposts or duties on imports or exports, 
except what may be absolutely necessary for executing 
its inspection laws : and the net produce of all duties and 
imposts, laid by any state on imports or exports, shall be 
for the use of the treasury of the United States ; and all 
such laws shall be subject to the revision and control of 
the Congress. 

^d Clause. No state shall, without the consent of Con- 
gress, lay any duty of tonnage, keep troops, or ships of 
war in time of peace, enter into any agreement or com- 
pact with another state^ or with a foreign power, or en- 
gage in war, unless actually invaded, or in such imminent 
danger as will not admit of delay. 

as regards treaties, alliances, or confederations ? What, as regards letters of 
marque and reprisal ? What, as regards the coining of money? What, as re- 
gards bills of credit ? What is meant by bills of credit? Atis. Bills of credit, 
within the meaning of the Constitution, are bills intended to circulate as money 
among the people. What is constituted a legal tender in payment of debt? 
What prohibition is placed upon individual states, in regard to a bill of attain- 
der? What, in regard to an ex post facto law? What, in regard to a law im- 
pairing the obligation of contracts? What, iu regard to a title of nobility ? Re- 
cite tlie clause just considered. 

2rf Clause.—Whstt prohibition are individual states under, as regards imposts 
or duties ? In what case only may a state lay any imposts or duties ? What are 
inspection laws ? Ans. Laws requiring certain articles of commerce to be ex- 
amined by officers called inspectors. What disposition must be made of the 
net produce of all duties and imposts laid by any state ? What are the inspec- 
tion laws of individual states as regards imports or exports subject to ? 

3d Clattse.— What prohibitions are individual states under as to the laying of 
a duty of tonnage ? What is a duty of tonnage ? Am. A tax laid on vessels at 
a certain rate per ton. What prohibition are individual states under as to the 
keeping of troops? What, as to the keeping of ships of war? What, as to an 
agreement or compact with another state, or with a foreign power ? What, as 
to engaging in war ? Under what circumstances then may a state engage iu 
war? 



CONSTITUTION OP THE UNITED STATES. 25 

ARTICLE 11. 
THE EXECUTIVE DEPARTMENT. 

SECTION I. 

1st Clause. The executive power shall be vested in a 
president of the United States of America. He shall hold 
his office during the term of four years, and, together with 
the vice-president, chosen for the same term, be elected 
as follows. 

2d Clause. Each state shall appoint, in such manner as 
the legislature thereof may direct, a number of electors, 
equal to the whole number of senators and representatives 
to which the state may be entitled in the Congress ; but 
no senator or representative, or person holding an office 
of trust or profit under the United States, shall be ap- 
pointed an elector. 

THE TWELFTH AMENDMENT TO THE CONSTITUTION. 

1st Clause. Tlie electors shall meet in their respective 
states, and vote by ballot for president and vice-president, 
one of whom, at least, shall not be an inhabitant of the 
same state with themselves ; they shall name in their bal- 

Article II.— Sec. l.—ist Clause.^Ot what does Article II. of the Constitu- 
tion treat? In whom is the executive power of the United States vested? 
What is the president's term of office? How often may a president be re- 
elected ? Atw. The Constitution does not limit the number of terms for which 
a president may be re-elected. W^ho was the first president of the United States ? 
(See table, p. 193.) For how many terms did Washington serve ? Why was not 
Washington elected for a third term? Ans, At the close of his second term of 
office, he declined to be a candidate for a third term. What has been the effect 
of his declination ? Ans. Washington's example in declining to be elected for 
a third term, has become a precedent by which subsequent presidents have been 
guided. How many and what presidents have served two terms each ? (See 
table, p. 193.) Which has the longesttermof office— the president, a senator, or 
a representative? What term has each ? What is the vice-president's term of 
office ? Who was the first vice-president of the United States ? (See table, p. 
193.) By whom are the president and vice-president chosen ? Ans. The presi- 
dent and vice-president are not chosen by the people directly, but by electors. 

2d CkivM.~ln what manner does each state appoint electors ? What number 
of electors is each state entitled to ? Who are prohibited from being electors ? 

The Twelfth Ametidnient to the C'onrflti'tir>r)..—V,'"hn.t has been done with the 



26 CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 

lots the person voted for as president, and in distinct bal- 
lots the person voted for as vice-jD resident, and they shall 
make distinct lists of all persons A'Oted for as president, 
and of all persons voted for as vice-president, and of the 
number of votes for each, which lists they shall sign and 
certify, and transmit sealed to the seat of the government 
of the United States, directed to the president of the Sen- 
ate ; — the president of the Senate shall, in presence of 
the Senate and House of Representatives, open all the 
certificates, and the votes shall then be counted; — the 
person having the greatest number of votes for president, 
shall be the president, if such number be a majority of the 
whole number of electors appointed; and if no person 
have such majority, then from the persons having the 
highest numbers, not exceeding three on the list of those 
voted for as president, the House of Representatives shall 
choose immediately, by ballot, the president. But in 
choosing the president, the votes shall be taken by states, 
the representation from each state having one vote ; a 
quorum for this purpose shall consist of a member or 
members from two-thirds of the states, and a majority of 
all the states shall be necessary to a choice. And if the 
House of Representatives shall not choose a president 
whenever the right of choice shall devolve upon them, 
before the fourth day of March next following, then the 
vice-president shall act as president, as in the case of the 
death or other constitutional disability of the president. 

original clause of the Constitution prescribing the proceedings to be taken 
to elect a president and vice-president ? Ans. The original clause of the 
Constitution, prescribing the mode in which the president and vice-president 
were to be elected has'been repealed, and its place supplied by the twelfih 
amendment to the Constitution. What is the history of the twelfth amend- 
ment ? Ans. It was proposed in 1808, and declared adopted in 1804. Where 
do the electors for president and vice-president meet? In what way do they 
vote? What is prescribed respecting one of tlie ])ersons for Avhom they shail 
not vote ? How is it required that their ballots shall be made out ? After votiiiir. 
what lists are they required to prepare? What provision must be complied 
with, before the lists can pass out of their hands ? After the lists are signed, 
certified, and sealed, to whom are they directed? To Mhat place are they 
then transmitted? What does the president of the Senate do with the certifi- 



CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 27 



'Id Clause. The person having the greatest number of 
votes as vice-president, shall be the vice-president, if such 
number be a majority of the whole number of electors 
appointed ; and if no person have a majority, then from 
the two highest numbers on the list, the Senate shall 
choose the vice-president : a quorum for the purpose shall 
consist of two-thirds of the whole number of senators-, 
and a majority of the whole number shall be necessary 
to a choice. 

3c? Clause. But no person constitutionally ineligible to 
the office of president shall be eligible to that of vice- 
president of the United States. 



4:th Clause. The Congress may determine the time of 
choosing the electors, and the day on which they shall 
give their votes ; which day shall be the same throughout 
the United States. 

bth Clause. No person except a natural-born citizen, or 

cates? How is it determined who is elected president? Now describe ths 
manner in which the electors choose a president. In the event of no choice 
being made by the electors, hy whom is the president chosen ? From how 
many and what candidates must the House of Representatives choose the presi- 
dent? In what way must the choice be made? How are the votes taken in 
choosing' the president? How many votes is each state entitled to ? How many 
is each entitled to, when votin<? by electors? In choosing the president by the 
House of Representatives, how many constitute a quorum ? In such case, how 
many states are necessary to a choice? Whenever the right of choosing a 
president devolves upon the House of Representatives, till 'what time may the 
right be exercised ? Now describe the manner in which the House of Repre- 
sentatives choose a president ? In the event of both the electors and House of 
Representatives feiling to choose a president, what takes place ? 

•Id Clause.— Who shall be the vice-president ? In the event of no person hav- 
ing a majority of electoral votes, by whom is the vice-president chosen ? When 
choosing a vice-president, how many senators are requisite lo a quorum ? How 
many are necessary to a choice ? 

M Clause.— Vy ho are ineligible to the office of vice-president ? 

it/i Clavse.—Whsit power has Congress over the time of choosing the elect- 
ors? What as to the day on which the electors shall vote? In the event of 
Congress determining the day on which the electors shall give their votes, what 
sameness is prescribed ? When are tlie electors chosen? Aiis. On the Tues- 
day next after the first Monday, in the last November of each presidential term. 
Where do the electors meet to give their votes ? Ans. In their respective states, 
at a place appointed by the legislature thereof, usually in the capital. When do 
the electors meet to give their votes ? Arts. On the lirst Wednesday in the last 
December of each presidential term. 



28 CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 

a citizen of the United States at the time of the adoption 
of this Constitution, shall be eligible to the olKce of presi- 
dent ; neither shall any person be eligible to that office 
who shall not have attained to the age of thirty-five years, 
and been fourteen years a resident within the United 
States. 

Qth Clause. In case of the i-emoval of the president from 
office, or of his death, resignation, or inability to discharge 
the powers and duties of the said office, the same shall 
devolve on the vice-president ; and the Congress may by 
law provide for the case of removal, death, resignation, 
or inability, both of the president and vice-president, de- 
claring what officer shall then act as president, and such 
officer shall act accordingly, until the disability be re- 
moved, or a president shall be elected. 

^th Clause. The president shall, at stated times, receive 
for his services a compensation, which shall neither be in- 
creased nor diminished during the period for which he 
shall have been elected, and he shall not receive within 
that period any other emolument from the United States, 
or any of them. 

Sth Clause. Before he enter on the execution of his 
office, he shall take the following oath or affirmation : — 

5th Clause.— Wh&t person, as regards his place of birth, cannot be eligible to 
the office of president? How old must a person be to be eliji;ible to that office? 
How many years must a person, to be eligible to that office, have resided with- 
in the United States? Now state the legal qualifications of a president. Re- 
cite the clause relating to the qualiiications. 

6^A Ckn/.''€.—ln what contingencies does the office of president devolve on the 
vice-president? What provision is made by the Constitution for the case of 
removal or death, etc., of the president? What provision is made by the Con- 
stitution for the case of removal or death, etc., of both president and vice presi- 
dent? In the case of removal, etc., of both president and vice-president, what 
officer shall, by law of Congress, act as president? Antt. The president of the 
Senate, p?'0 tempore, shall act as president. What is to be done, in case there 
is no president of the Senate? Ans. The speaker of the House of Representa- 
tives shall act as president. How long shall such officer continue to act ? 

llh C7aw.<^.— What does the Constitution provide as regards the compensa- 
tion to be allowed to the president? What restriction is imposed, in regard to 
any other emolument? Recite the clause relating to the president's compensa- 
tion. What is the salary of the i)resident ? Ann. $25,000 a year, together with 
the use of the presidential mansion and its furniture. What is the salary of 
the vice-president ? Ans. $8/)0U a year. 



CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 29 



" I do solemnly swear (or affirm) that I will faithfully 
execute the office of president of the United States, and 
will, to the best of my ability, preserve, protect, and de- 
fend the Constitution of the United States." 

SECTION II. 

1st Clause, The president shall be commander-in-chief 
of the army and navy of the United States, and of the 
militia of the several states, when called into the actual 
service of the United States ; he may require the opinion, 
in writing, of the principal officer in each of the execu- 
tive departments, upon any subject relating to the duties 
of their respective offices, and he shall have power to 
grant reprieves and pai-dons for offences against the United 
States, except in cases of impeachment. 

2d Clause. He shall have power, by and with the advice 
and consent of the Senate, to make treaties, provided two- 
thirds of the senators present concur ; and he shall nomi- 
nate, and by and with the advice and consent of the Senate, 
shall appoint ambassadors, other public ministers and con- 
suls, judges of the supreme court, and all other officers of 
the United States, whose appointments are not herein 
otherwise provided for, and which shall be established by 
law: but the Congress may by law vest the appointment 



a^/i Clause.— Wh&y does the president do, just before enterino; on the execu 
tion of his office ? Repeat tjjie oath or affirmation taken by the president. 

Sec. l\.—\sl Clause. In what relation does the president stand toward the 
army and navy? When only can he command the militia? Whose opinions 
may he require in writing? Upon what subjects may he require the opinions? 
Is he bound to be i^uided by such opinions? Ans. He is not. What executive 
departments have been established by Congress ? Aiis. Six, namely : Of State, of 
the Navy, of War, of the Treasury, Post-office Department, and of the Interior. For 
what purpose were they established ? Ans. To aid the president in the execu- 
tive and administrative business of the government. How are the heads of the 
departments appointed ? Ans. By the president, with the advice and consent 
of the Senate. How is the attorney-general appointed? Ans. In like manner 
as the heads of the departments. Of whom does the president's cabinet 
consist? Ans. Of the heads of the departments, and the attorney-general. 
What power has the president, in relation to reprieves and pardons ? What is 
a reprieve ? Ans. A limited suspension or delay of the execution of a sentence 
in a criminal case. With what exception is the president vested with the power 
to grant reprieves and pardons ? 



30 CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 



of such inferior officers, as they think proper, in the pres- 
ident alone, in the courts of law, or in the heads of de- 
j^artments. 

3c/ Clause. The president shall have power to fill up all 
vacancies that may happen during the recess of the Senate, 
by granting commissions, which shall expire at the end 
of their next session. 

SECTION III. 

He shall from time to time give to the Congress infor- 
mation of the state of the Union, and recommend to their 
consideration such measures as he shall judge necessary 
and expedient ; he may, on extraordinary occasions, con- 
A^ene both houses, or either of them, and in case of disa- 
greement between them, with respect to the time of ad- 
journment, he may adjourn them to such time as he shall 
think proper; he shall receive ambassadors and other pub- 
lic ministers ; he shall take care that the laws be faith- 
fully executed, and shall commission all the officers of the 
United States. 

SECTION IV. 

The president, vice-president, and all civil officers of the 
United States, shall be removed from office on impeach- 
ment for, and conviction of, treason, bribery, or other high 
crimes and misdemeanors. 



2c? Clause.— Vfh&i power has the president relative to treaties ? In whom is 
the a,pp()intin<:j power vested? What is the first step in malvinof an appoint- 
ment ? Wiiat offices are enumerated, for which the president and Senate malcc 
appointments? Wtiat may Congress do in relation to the appointment of infe- 
rior officers ? 

M Clause.— Whsit vacancies can the president fill? When does such appoint 
ment expire ? 

Sec. III.— What information is the president required to crivc to Concjrcss*: 
V\''hat recommendations is he required to make? In what way are the fecom 
inundations made? Ans. By means of written messages. Was the readincr o( 
written messa'jfes always the practice? Ans. The first two presidents. Wash 
ini^ton and Adams, used to meet Coufrress, and make their recommendations 
by addresses, which they road. Is Contrress oblij^ed to adopt the president^ 
recommendations? Ans. It is not. When mav the president convene hoth 
lioiisc'* ? May he convene only one house ? When ? When mav the ])resi(U"iit 
adjourn Contrress ? What is the dutv of the president respectin'i,' ambassadors, 
etc.? What is his duty respcctinij the e.\-ecution of the laws? What is his 
duty respecting,' tlie granting of commissions ? 



CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 31 



ARTICLE III. 
THE JUDICIAL DEPARTMENT. 

SECTION I. 

The judicial power of the United States shall be vested 
in one supreme court, and in such inferior courts as the 
Congress may from time to time ordain and establish. 
The judges, both of the supreme and inferior courts, shall 
hold their offices during good behavior, and shall, at stated 
times, receive for their services a compensation, which 
shall not be diminished during their continuance in office. 

SECTION II. 

1st Clause. The judicial power shall extend to all cases, 
in law and equity, arising under this Constitution, the laws 
of the United States, and treaties made, or which shall 
be made, under their authority ; to all cases aifecting am- 
bassadors, other public ministers, and consuls ; to all cases 
of admiralty and maritime jurisdiction; to controversies 
to which the United States shall be a party ; to contro- 
versies between two or more states ; between a state and 
citizens of another state; between citizens of different 



Sec. IV —For what crimes may government officers be removed from office? 
How may the removal be etTected? 

Article III.— Sec. I.— Of what does Article III. of the Constitntion treat? 
In what is the judicial power of the United States vested? How long do the 
judges hold their offices? What is established as to the compensation of the 
judges? How can the judges be removed from office? (See page 15.) How is 
the supreme court of the United States organized ? Ans. It is composed of one 
chief-justice, and ei^ht associate justices, any five of whom constitute a quo- 
rum. What is the salary of the chief-justice ? Ans. $6,500 a year. What is the 
salary of each associate justice? Am. $(').000 a year. 

Sec. II.— 1.?^ Clause. — Name the first of the nine subjects in which the United 
States courts have jurisdiction. Name the second, concerning ambassadors, 
etc. Name the third, concerning certain jurisdiction. The fourth, concerning 
controversies with the United States. The fifth, concerning controversies be- 
tween states. The sixth, concerning controversies between a state and citizens. 
The seventh, concerning controversies between citizens. The eitrhth. concern- 
ing controversies between citizens claiming lands. What is the last of the nine 
subjects ? 



32 CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 



States ; between citizens of the same state claiming lands 
under grants of different states, and between a state, or 
the citizens thereof, and foreign states, citizens, or sub- 
jects. 

Id Clause. In all cases affecting ambassadors, other 
public ministers and consuls, and those in which a state 
shall be a party, the supreme court shall have original 
jurisdiction. In all the other cases before mentioned, the 
supreme court shall have appellate jurisdiction, both as to 
law and fact, with such exceptions and under such regu- 
lations as the Congress shall make. 

3c? Clause. The trial of all crimes, except in cases of im- 
peachment, shall be by jury; and such trial shall be hehi 
in the state where the said crimes shall have been com- 
mitted ; but when not committed within any state, the 
trial shall be at such place or places as the Congress may 
by law have directed. 

SECTION in. 

l5^ Clause. Treason against the United States shall con- 
sist only in levying war against them, or in adhering to 
their enemies, giving them aid and comfort. No j^erson 
shall be convicted of treason unless on the testimony of 
two witnesses to the same overt act, or on confession in 
open court. 

2cl Clause. The Congress shall have power to declare 
the punishment of treason, but no attainder of treason 



2(f Clwisie.—ln what cases ha? the snpreme coxirt original jurisdiction ? W hat 
is meant bv oriirinal jurisdiction ? Ans. That in ^vhich a suit^originates or com- 
mences. What is meant by appellate jurisdiction ? Ans. That in which the 
decision of an inferior court is taken on appeal. 

3rf Clause.— B^iore whom must the "trial of all crimes" be held? What 
cases are exceptions to the law? Bv whom are impeachments tried ? (See 
pasje 15.) Where must the trial of a crime committed within a state be held . 
Where, when not committed within a state ? Kepeat the entire clause just con- 
sidered. . XI. 1' t 1 

Sec. III.— I.*/ Clause.— In how manv thins;s does treason apainst the L niteci 
States consist? What are the two things? What is necessary to a conviction 
of treason ? 



CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 33 



shall work corruption of blood, or forfeiture except during 
the life of the person attainted. 

ARTICLE IV. 
MISCELLANEOUS PROVISIONS. 

SECTION I. 

Full faith and credit shall be given in each state to the 
public acts, records, and judicial proceedings of every 
other state. And the Congress may by general laws pre- 
scribe the manner in which such acts, records, and pro- 
ceedings shall be proved, and the effect thereof. 

SECTION II. 

1st Clause. The citizens of each state shall be entitled 
to all privileges and immunities of citizens in the several 
states. 

2d Clause. A person charged in any state with treason, 
felony, or other crime, who shall flee from justice, and be 
found in another state, shall on demand of the executive 
authority of the state from which he fled, be delivered up, 
to be removed to the state having jurisdiction of the 
crime. 

3c? Clause. No person held to service or labor in one 
state, under the laws thereof, escaping into another, shall, 
in consequence of any law or regulation therein, be dis- 

2c? Ctowse.— What power has Cons^ress relative to the punishment of treason ? 
How does the Constitution limit the consequences of attainder ? WHiat is meant 
by attainder? Ans. Attainder means a sfaining, corruption, or renderins^ im- 
pure. What is meant by corruption of blood ? Ans. By " corruption of blood" 
a person is disabled to inherit lands from an ancestor ; nor can he either retain 
'those in his possession, or transmit them by descent to his heirs. 

Article IV.— Sec. I.— Of what does Article IV. treat ? How are the public 
acts, etc., of the several states, to be treated in each state? How are they to 
be proved ? 

Sec. \l.—-[st Clavse.—Whsit privileojes and immunities are the citizens of 
each state entitled to ? 

2c? Clause.— Wh&t is said of persons charged with crime, fleeing into another 
state ? 

3c? Clause. — What is said of persons escaping from service or labor ? What 
persons were referred to in the third clause ? Ans. Fugitive slaves and per- 
sons bound by indentures of apprenticeship. 



84 CONSTITUTION OP THE UNITED STATES. 



charged from such service or labor, but shall be delivered 
up on claim of the party to whom such service or labor 
may be due. 

SECTION III. 

1st Clause. New states may be admitted by the Con- 
gress into this Union ; but no new state shall be formed 
or erected within the jurisdiction of any other state; nor 
any state be formed by the junction of two or more states, 
or parts of states, without the consent of the legislatures 
of the states concerned as well as of the Congress. 

2d Clause. The Congress shall have power to disjjose 
of and make all needful rules and regulations respecting 
the territory or other property belonging to the United 
States ; and nothing in this Constitution shall be so con- 
strued as to prejudice any claims of the United States, or 
of any particular state. 

SECTION IV. 

The United States shall guarantee to every state in this 
Union a republican form of government, and shall pro- 
tect each of them against invasion ; and on application of 
the legislature, or of the executive (when the legislature 
cannot be convened), against domestic violence. 

ARTICLE V. 

The Congress, whenever two-thirds of both houses shall 
deem it necessary, shall propose amendjnents to this Con- 
stitution, or, on the application of the legislatures of two- 

Sec. III.— 1*< Clause.— By whom may new states be admitted into the Union ? 
What is said of the formation of new states ? How many states belonged to 
the Union at the adoption of the Constitution ? (See pages 13-14.) How many 
belong to the Union now? (Sec table.) 

M Clavse. — What power has Congress respecting the territory or other prop- 
erty belonging to the United States ? What construction as to claims is not 
to be put upon any part of the Constitution ? 

Sec. IV. — What guarantee does the Constitution make to the several states 
in respect to their form of government ? In what two events are the United 
States bound to protect individual states ? 

Article V.— Of what does Article V. treat ? In what two ways may amend- 
ments to the Constitutiou be proposed ? What two ways are provided for rati- 



CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 35 



thirds of the several states, shall call a convention for 
proposing amendments, which, in either case, shall be 
valid, to all intents and purposes, as part of this Constitu- 
tion, when ratified by the legislatures of three-fourths of 
tlie several states, or by conventions in three-fourths 
thereof, as the one or the other mode of ratification may 
be proposed by the Congress : provided that no amend- 
ment which may be made prior to the year one thousand 
eight hundred and eight shall in any manner affect the 
first and fourth clauses in the ninth section of the first 
article ; and that no state, without its consent, shall be 
deprived of its equal suffrage in the Senate. 

ARTICLE YL 

1st Clause. All debts contracted and engagements en- 
tered into, before the adoption of this Constitution, shall 
be as valid against the United States under this Consti- 
tution, as under the Confederation. 

2d Clause. This Constitution, and the laws of the United 
States which shall be made in pursuance thereof, and all 
treaties made, or which shall be made, under the authority 
of the United States, shall be the supreme law of the land ; 
and the judges in every state shall be bound thereby, any 
thing in the Constitution or laws of any state to the con- 
trary notwithstanding 

3d Clause. The senators and representatives before 
mentioned, and the members of the several state legis- 
latures, and all executive and judicial officers, both of the 



tying amendments ? What three restrictions upon the power of making amend- 
ments were oriirinallv imposed by the Constitution ? Why have two of the 
restrictions lost their force? What do " the first and fourth clauses" referred 
to. declare ? What permanent restriction upon the power of making amend- 
ments still exists in full force? 

Article \l.—lst Clause— What debts and engagements does the Constitution 

T6CO<^lliZ6 ? 

2d C?rt;/w.— What is declared to be the supreme law of the land? By what 
are the judges in every state bound? 



36 CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 



United States and of the several states, shall be bound by 
oath or affirmation to support this Constitution ; but no 
religious test shall ever be required as a qualification to 
any office or jjublic trust under the United States. 

ARTICLE VII. 

The ratification of the conventions of nine states, shall 
be sufficient for the establishment of this Constitution 
between the states so ratifying the same. 



AMENDMENTS, 

PKOPOSED BT CONGRESS, AND RATIFIED BT THE LEGISLATURES OP THE SEV- 
ERAL STATES, PURSUANT TO THE FIFTH ARTICLE OP THE ORIGINAL CONSTI- 
TUTION. 

ARTICLE L 

Congress shall make no law respecting an establish- 
ment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; 
or abridgino; the freedom of speech, or of the press; or 
the right of the people peaceably to assemble, and to pe- 
tition the government for a redress of grievances. 

?,d Clause.— y^Yio, besides the iudges, are bound to support the Constitution ? 
In what way shall they be bound ? What prohibition is made in regard to reli- 

"" Article YII.— How many states were necessary to ratify the Constitution -in 
order to its establishment ? 

Amendments. 

Why were the first ten articles of amendments made ? Ans. Because it was 
generally felt that the Constitution did not sufficiently protect the rights of the 
people. How may they, then, be regarded ? Ans. As a declaration securing to 
the people and states certain rights beyond the possibility of being encroached 
upon by Congress. When were they proposed ? Ans. In 1T89, during the first 
session of the first Congress under the Constitution. When were they adopted ? 
Ans. Having been ratified by three-fourths of tlie states, they were declared 
adopted in 1191. 

!.</ Ar1ide..—W\\a.i declaration does the first amendment make, respecting re- 
ligion ? What, i(!spectiiig the freedom of speech ? What, respecting the free- 
dom of the press ? What, respecting the right of petition ? 



CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 37 



ARTICLE II. 

A well-regulated militia being necessary to the secu- 
rity of a free state, the right of the people to keep and 
bear arms shall not be infringed. 

ARTICLE III. 

No soldier shall, in time of peace, be quartered in any 
house without the consent of the owner, nor in time of 
war but in a manner to be prescribed by law. 

ARTICLE IV. 

The right of the people to be secure in their persons, 
houses, papers, and effects, against unreasonable searches 
and seizures, shall not be violated, and no warrants shall 
issue but upon probable cause, supported by oath or 
affirmation, and particularly describing the place to be 
searched, and the persons or things to be seized. 

ARTICLE V. 

No person shall be held to answer for a capital, or oth- 
erwise infamous crime, unless on a presentment or indict- 
ment of a grand jury, except in cases arising in the land 
or naval forces, or in the militia, when in actual service 
in time of war or public danger ; nor shall any person be 
subject for the same offence to be twice put in jeopardy 
of life or limb; nor shall be compelled in any criminal 

2(Z ArHcle.— What is the declaration respecting the right of the people to 
keep and bear arms ? 

Sd Article.— What is said of quartering soldiers ? 

4th Article.— What is said of searches and seizures ? What is said of the 
issuing of warrants ? 

5th Article.— What is said of holding persons to answer for crimes? What 
is said of a second trial for the same oftence ? What is the meaning of the clause 
that no person shall '" be twice put in jeopardy," etc. ? Atis. It means that no 
person shall be a second time tried for an oflence of which he has been legally 
acquitted or convicted. When shall not a person be compelled to witness 
against himself? What guarantee of protection to life, liberty, and property is 
given ? When only can private property be taken for public use ? 



88 CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 



case to be a witness against himself, nor be deprived of 
life, liberty, or property Avithoiit due process of law; nor 
shall private property be taken for public use without 
just compensation. 

ARTICLE YI. 

In all criminal prosecutions, the accused shall enjoy the 
right to a speedy and public trial by an impartial jury of 
the state and district w^herein the crime shall have been 
committed, which district shall have been previously as- 
certained by law, and to be informed of the nature and 
cause of the accusation ; to be confronted with the wit- 
nesses against him; to have compulsory process for ob- 
taining witnesses in his faA^or, and to have the assistance 
of counsel for his defence. 

ARTICLE VII. 

In suits at common law, where the value in controversy 
shall exceed twenty dollars, ' the right of trial by jury 
shall be preserved, and no fact tried by a jury shall be 
otherwise re-examined in any court of the United States 
than according to the rules of the common law. 

ARTICLE VIIL 

Excessive bail shall not be required, nor excessive fines 
imposed, nor cruel and unusual punishments inflicted. 

ARTICLE IX. 

The enumeration in the Constitution of certain rights 
shall not be construed to deny or disparage others re- 
tained by the people. 

Wi Article.— Vfh&i right shall a person accused of crime have ? What right, 
as to the witnesses against him ? What right, as to the witnesses in his favor? 
What right, as to the assistance of counsel ? 

llh Ariide.—'iw Avhat suits shall the- right of trial by jury be preserved? In 
what way only shall the re-examination of facts tried by a jury be made ? 

Sth Article.— Vs^hfii is said of hail, fines, and punishinents? 



CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 39 



ARTICLE X. 

The powers not delegated to the United States by the 
Constitution, nor prohibited by it to the states, are re- 
served to the states respectively, or to the people. 

ARTICLE XL 

The judicial power of the United States shall not b^r 
construed to extend to any suit, in law or equity, com- 
menced or prosecuted against one of the United States by 
citizens of another state, or by citizens or subjects of any 
foreign state. 

ARTICLE XIIL* 

Section I. — Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, 
except as a punishment for crime, whereof the party shall 
have been duly convicted, shall exist within the United 
States^ or any place subject to their jurisdiction. 

Sec. II. — Congress shall have power to enforce this 
article by appropriate legislation. 

^th Article.— Wha-t is said of ri<?hts retained by the people ? 

\Wi Article.— ^li&t is said of the powers reserved to the states ? 

Wth Aj'ticle.—Vs h&t is said of the restriction upon the judicial power ? What 
is the liistory of the eleventh amendment ? Ans. It was proposed by Congress 
in 1794, and declared adopted in 1798. 

IWi Article. — Section I. — What is said of slavery and involuntary sei'vi- 
tude ? 

Sec. II. — What power has Congress with reference to this subject ? What is 
the history of the thirteenth amendment ? Ans. It was proposed iu 1865 and 
declared adopted in December of the same year. 

* For the twelfth amendment, see page 25. 



THE 

FAEEWELL ADDEESS 

OP 

GEORGE WASHINGTON, 

FIRST PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES, 

ON HIS DECLINING A SECOND RE-ELECTION. 



Fkiends and Fellow-Citizens — 

The period for a new election of a citizen to admin- 
ister the executive government of the United States be- 
ing not far distant, and the time actually arrived when 
your thoughts must be employed in designating the person 
who is to be clothed with that important trust, it appears 
to me proper, especially as it may conduce to a more dis- 
tinct expression of the public voice, that I should now 
apprize you of the resolution I have formed, to decline 
being considered among the number of those out of whom 
a choice is to be made. 

I beg you at the same time to do me the justice to be 
assured, that this resolution has not been taken without a 
strict regard to all the considerations appertaining to the 
relation which binds a dutiful citizen to his country; and 
that in withdrawing the tender of service which silence 
in my situation might imply, I am influenced by no 
diminution of zeal for your future interest ; no deficiency 
of grateful respect for your past kindness ; but am sup- 
ported by a full conviction that the step is compatible 
with both. 

The acceptance of, and continuance hitherto in the office 
to which your sufirages have twice called me, have been 
a uniform sacrifice of inclination to the opinion of duty, 



Washington's farewell address. 41 



and to a deference for what appeared to be your desire. 
I constantly hoped that it would have been much earlier 
in my power, consistently with motives which I Avas not 
at liberty to disregard, to return to that retirement from 
which I had been reluctantly drawn. The strength of my 
inclination to do this previous to the last election, had 
even led to the preparation of an address to declare it to 
you ; but mature reflection on the then perplexed and 
critical posture of our affairs with foreign nations, and 
the unanimous advice of persons entitled to my confi^- 
dence, impelled me to abandon the idea. 

I rejoice that the state of your concerns, external as 
well as internal, no longer renders the pursuit of inclina- 
tion incompatible with the sentiment of duty or propriety ; 
and am persuaded, whatever partiality may be retained 
for my services, that in the present circumstances of our 
country, you will not disapprove of my determination to 
retire. 

The impressions with which I first undertook the ardu- 
ous trust, were explained on the proper occasion. In the 
discharge of this trust, I will only say, that I have with 
good intentions contributed toward the organization and 
administration of the government the best exertions of 
which a very fallible judgment was capable. Not uncon- 
scious, in the outset, of the inferiority of any qualifica- 
tions, experience in my own eyes, perhaps still more in 
the eyes of others, has strengthened the motives to difti- 
dence of myself; and every day the increasing weight of 
years admonishes me more and more, that the shade of 
retirement is as necessary to me as it will be welcome. 
Satisfied that if any circumstances have given peculiar 
value to my service?;, they were temporary, I have the 
consolation to believe, that while choice and prudence in- 
vite me to quit the political scene, patriotism does not 
forbid it. 



42 Washington's farewell address. 

In looking forward to the moment which is intended 
to terminate the career of my public life, my feelings do 
not permit me to suspend the deep acknowledgment of 
that debt of gratitude which I owe to my beloved coun- 
try, for the many honors it has conferred upon me ; still 
more for the steadfast confidence with which it has sup- 
ported me ; and for the opportunities I have thence en- 
joyed of manifesting my inviolable attachment, by ser- 
vices faithful and persevering, though in usefulness une- 
qual to my zeal. If benefits have resulted to our. coun- 
try from these services, let it always be remembered to 
your praise, and as an instructive example in our annals, 
that under circumstances in which the ])assions, agitated 
in every direction, were liable to mislead, amidst appear- 
ances sometimes dubious — vicissitudes of fortune often 
discouraging — in situations in which not unfrequently 
want of success has countenanced the spirit of criticism — 
the constancy of your support was the essential prop of 
the efforts, and a guaranty of the plans by which they 
were effected. Profoundly j^enetrated with this idea, I 
shall carry it with me to my grave, as a strong incitement 
to unceasing vows that Heaven may continue to you the 
choicest tokens of its beneficence: — that your union and 
brotherly affection may be perpetual — that the free con- 
stitution which is the work of your hands may be sacredly 
maintained — that its administration in every department 
may be stamped with wisdom and virtue — that, in fine, the 
happiness of the people of these states, under the auspices 
of liberty, may be made complete, by so careful a preser- 
vation, and so prudent a use of this blessing, as will ac- 
quire to them the glory of recommending it to the ap- 
plause, the affection, and adoption of every nation which 
is yet a stranger to it. 

Here, perhaps, I ought to stop. But a solicitude for 
your welfare, which cannot end but with my life, and the 



Washington's farewell addeess. 43 



apprehension of danger, natural to that solicitude, urge 
me, on an occasion like the present, to offer to your sol- 
emn contemplation, and to recommend to your frequent 
review, some sentiments, which are the result of much 
reflection, of no inconsiderable observation, and which 
appear to me all-important to the permanency of your 
felicity as a people. These will be offered to you with 
the more freedom, as you can only see in them the disin- 
terested warnings of a j^arting friend, who can possibly 
have no personal motive to bias his counsel. Nor can I 
forget, as an encouragement to it, your indulgent recep- 
tion of my sentiments on a former and not dissimilar 
occasion. 

Interwoven as is the love of liberty with every liga- 
ment of your hearts, no recommendation of mine is neces- 
sary to fortify or confirm the attachment. 

The unity of government which constitutes you one 
people, is also now dear to you. It is justly so ; for it is 
a main pillar in the edifice of your real independence, the 
support of your tranquillity at home, your peace abroad ; 
of your safety ; of your prosperity ; of that very liberty 
which you so highly prize. But as it is easy to foresee 
that from different causes and from different quarters, 
much pains will be taken, many artifices employed, to 
weaken in your minds the conviction of this truth ; as 
this is the point in your political fortress against which 
the batteries of internal and external enemies will be most 
constantly and actively (though often covertly and insid 
iously) directed, it is of infinite moment that you should 
properly estimate the immense value of your national 
Union, to your collective and individual happiness; that 
you should cherish a cordial, habitual, and immovable 
attachment to it; accustoming yourselves to think and 
speak of it as of the palladium of your political safety 
and prosperity; watching for its preservation with jeal- 



44 Washington's farewell address. 



ous anxiety ; discountenancing whatever may suggest 
even a sus]>icion that it can in any event be aban- 
doned ; and indignantly frowning upon the first dawning 
of every attemj^t to alienate any portion of our country 
from the rest, or to enfeeble the sacred ties which now link 
together the various parts. 

For this you have every inducement of sympathy and 
interest. Citizens by birth or choice, of a common coun- 
try, that country has a right to concentrate your affec- 
tions. The name of American, which belongs to you, in 
your national capacity, must always exalt the just pride 
of patriotism, more than any appellation derived from 
local discriminations. With slight siiades of difference, 
you have the same religion, manners, habits, and politi- 
cal principles. You have in a common cause fought and 
triumphed together ; the Independence and Liberty you 
possess are the work of joint councils and joint efforts, 
of common dangers, sufferings, and successes. 

But these considerations, however powei-fully they ad- 
dress themselves to your sensibility, are greatly out- 
weighed by those which apply more immediately to your 
mterest. Here every portion of our country finds the 
most commanding motives for carefully guarding and pre- 
serving the union of the whole. 

The North^ in an unrestrained intercourse with the 
South^ protected by the equal laws of a common govern- 
ment, finds in the productions of the latter, great addi- 
tional resources of maritime and commercial enterprise 
and precious materials of manufacturing industry. The 
South, in the same intercourse, benefiting by the agency 
of the JVorth, sees its agriculture grow and its commerce 
expand. Turning partly into its own channels the sea- 
men of the N'orth, it finds its particular navigation invig- 
orated ; and while it contributes, in different ways, to 
nourish and increase the oeneral mass of the national 



Washington's farewell address. 45 



navigation, it looks forward to the protection of a mari- 
time strengtli, to which itself is unequally adapted. — The 
J^ast^ in a like intercourse with the West^ already finds, 
and in the progressive improvement of interior communi- 
cations, by land and water, will more and more find a 
valuable vent for the commodities which it brings from 
abroad or manufactures at home. The M^est derives from 
the Mist supplies requisite to its growth and comfort — 
and what is perhaps of still greater consequence, it must 
of necessity owe the secure enjoyment of indispensable 
outlets for its own productions to the weight, influence, 
and the future maritime strength of the Atlantic side of 
the Union, directed by an indissoluble community of in- 
terest as one nation. Any other tenure by which the 
West can hold this essential advantage, whether derived 
from its own separate strength, or from an apostate and 
unnatural connection with any foreign power, must be 
intrinsically precarious. 

While then every part of our country thus feels the 
immediate and particular interest in Union, all the parts 
combined cannot fail to find in the united mass of means 
and efforts, greater strength, greater resource, proportion- 
ably greater security from external danger, a less frequent 
interruption of their peace by foreign nations ; and what 
is of inestimable value, they must derive from Union an 
exemption from those broils and wars between themselves, 
which so frequently afflict neighboring countries, not 
tied together by the same government ; which their own 
rivalship alone would be sufficient to produce, but which 
opposite foreign alliances, attachments, and intrigues 
would stimulate and embitter. Hence likewise they will 
avoid the necessity of 'Jiose overgrown military establish- 
ments, which under any form of government are inauspi- 
cious to liberty, and which are to be regarded as particu- 
larly hostile to Republican Liberty. In this sense it is, 



46 Washington's farewell address. 



that your Union ought to be considered as the main prop 
of your liberty, and that the love of the one ought to 
endear to you the preservation of the other. 

Tliese considerations speak a persuasive language to 
every reflecting and virtuous mind, and exhibit the con- 
tinuance of the Union as a primary object of patriotic 
desire. Is there a doubt, whether a common government 
can embrace so large a sphere ? Let experience solve it. 
To listen to mere speculation in such a case were criminal. 
We are authorized to hope that a proper organization of 
the whole, with the auxiliary agency of governments for 
the resj^ective subdivisions, will aflbrd a happy issue to 
the experiment. It is well worth a fair and full experi- 
ment. With such powerful and obvious motives to Union, 
affecting all parts of our country, while experience shall 
not have demonstrated its impracticability, there will 
always be reason to distrust the patriotism of those, who 
in any quarter may endeavor to weaken its bands. 

In contemplating the causes which may disturb our 
Union, it occurs as matter of serious concern, that any 
ground should have been furnished for characterizing 
})arties by geogrcqyhical discriminations — Northern and 
Southern — Atlantic and Westeim; whence designing men 
may endeavor to excite a belief that there is a real dif 
ference of local interests and views. One of the expedi- 
ents of party to acquire influence, within particular dis- 
tricts, is to misrepresent the opinions and aims of other 
districts. You cannot shield yourselves too much against 
the jealousies and heart-burnings which spring from these 
misrepresentations ; they tend to render alien to each 
other those who ought to be bound together by fraternal 
affection. The inhabitants of our western country have 
lately had a useful lesson on Ihis head : they have seen, in 
the negotiation by the Executive, and in the unanimous rat- 
ification by the Senate, of the treaty with Spain, and the 



Washington's farewell address. 47 



universal satisfaction at the event throughout the United 
States, a decisive proof how unfounded were the suspi- 
cions propagated among them of a policy in the general 
government, and in the Atlantic States, unfriendly to 
their interests in regard to the Mississippi : they have 
been witnesses to the formation of two treaties, that with 
Great Britain and that with Spain, which secure to them 
every thing they could desire, in respect to our foreign 
relations, toward confirming their prosperity. Will- it 
not be their wisdom to rely for the preservation of these 
advantages on the Union by which they were procured ? 
Will they not henceforth be deaf to those advisers, if such 
there are, who would sever them from their brethren, and 
connect them with aliens ? 

To the efficacy and permanency of your Union, a Gov- 
ernment for the whole is indispensable. No alliances, 
however strict, between the parts can be an adequate sub- 
stitute ; they must inevitably experience the infractions 
and interruptions which all alliances in all times have ex- 
j)erienced. Sensible of this momentous truth, you have 
improved upon your first essay, by the adoption of a Con- 
stitution of Government better calculated than your for- 
mer for an intimate Union, and for the efficacious man- 
agement of your common concerns. This Government, 
the offspring of your own choice, uninfluenced and unawed, 
adoj^ted upon full investigation and mature deliberation, 
completely free in its principles, in the distribution of its 
powers, uniting security with energy, and containing 
within itself a j^rovision for its own amendment, has a just 
claim to your confidence and your support. Respect for 
its authority, compliance with its laws, acquiescence in its 
measures, are duties enjoined by the fundamental maxims 
of true liberty. The basis of our political systems is the 
right of the people to make, and to alter their Constitu- 
tions of Government. But the Constitution which at 



48 Washington's farewell address. 



any time exists, until changed by an explicit aiul authen- 
tic act of the whole people, is sacredly obligatory ui)on 
all. The very idea of the power and the right of the peo- 
ple to establish Government, presupposes the duty of 
every individual to obey the established Government. 

All obstructions to the execution of the laws, all com- 
binations and associations, under whatever plausible char- 
acter, with the real design to direct, control, counteract 
or awe the regular deliberation and action of the consti- 
tuted authorities, are destructive of this fundamental 
principle, and of fatal tendency. They serve to organize 
faction, to give it an artificial and extraordinary force — 
to put in the place of the delegated will of the nation, 
the will of a party, often a small but artful and enterpris- 
ing minority of the community ; and, according to the 
alternate triumphs of different parties, to make the public 
administration the mirror of the ill-concerted and incon- 
gruous projects of faction, rather than the organ of con- 
sistent and wholesome plans digested by common coun- 
cils and modified by mutual interests. 

However combinations or associations of the above 
description may now and then answer popular ends, they 
are likely, in the course of time and things, to become 
potent engines, by which cunning, ambitious, and unprin- 
cipled men will be enabled to subvert the power of the 
people, and to usurp for themselves the reins of govern- 
ment : destroying afterward the very engines which have 
lifted them to unjust dominion. 

Toward the preservation of your government, and the 
permanency of your present happy state, it is requisite, 
not only that you steadily discountenance irregular op- 
positions to its acknowledged authority, but also that you 
resist with care the spirit of innovation upon its princi- 
ples, however specious the pretexts. — One method of 
assault may be to eflfect in the form of the constitution 



Washington's farewell address. 49 

alterations which will impair the energy of the system, 
and thus to undermine what cannot be directly over- 
thrown. In all the changes to which you may be invited, 
remember that time and habit are at least as necessary to 
fix the true character of governments, as of other human 
institutions; that experience is the surest standard by 
which to test the real tendency of the existing constitu- 
tion of a country — that facility in changes upon the credit 
of mere hypothesis and opinion, exposes to perpetual 
change from the endless variety of hypothesis and opin- 
ion ;• and remember, especially, that for the efficient man- 
agement of your common interests, in a country so ex- 
tensive as ours, a government of as much vigor as is 
consistent Avitli the perfect security of liberty, is indispen- 
sable. Liberty itself will find in such a government, with 
powers properly distributed and adjusted, its surest guar- 
dian. It is, indeed, little else than a name, where the gov- 
ernment is too feeble to withstand the enterprises of fac- 
tion, to confine each member of the society within the 
limits i^rescribed by the laws, and to maintain all in the 
secure and tranquil enjoyment of the rights of person and 
property. 

I have already intimated to you the danger of parties 
in the state, with particular reference to the founding of 
them on geographical discriminations. Let me now take 
a more comprehensive view, and warn you in the most 
solemn manner against the baneful effects of the spirit of 
party, generally. 

This spirit, unfortunately, is inseparable from our na- 
ture, having its root in the strongest passions of the 
human mind. It exists under different shapes in all gov- 
ernments, more or less stifled, controlled, or repressed ; 
but in those of the popular form, it is seen* in greatest 
rankness, and it is truly their worst enemy. 

The alternate domination of one faction over another, 



50 Washington's farewell address. 



sharpened by the spirit of revenge, natural to party dis- 
sension, which in different ages and countries has perpe- 
trated the most horrid enormities, is itself a frightful des- 
potism. But this leads at length to a more formal and 
permanent despotism. The disorders and miseries which 
result, gradually incline the minds of men to seek secu- 
rity and repose in the absolute power of an individual . 
and sooner or later the chief of some prevailing faction, 
more able or more fortunate than his competitors, turns 
this disposition to the purposes of his own elevation, on 
the ruins of public liberty. 

Without looking forward to an extremity of this kind 
(which nevertheless ought not to be entirely out of sight), 
the common and continual mischiefs of the spirit of party 
are sufficient to make it the interest and duty of a wise 
people to discourage and restrain it. 

It serves always to distract the public councils, and 
enfeeble the public administration. It agitates the com- 
munity with ill-founded jealousies and false alarms : kin- 
dles the animosity of one part against another, foments 
occasionally riot and insurrection. It opens the door to 
foreign influence and corruption, which find a facilitated 
access to the government itself through the channels of 
party passions. Thus the policy .-.iid tl.c vslil oi" <)i.<^ 
country are subjected to the policy ai.d v.ill of ;V;. oilier. 
There is an opinion that parties in free countries are use- 
ful checks upon the administration of government, and 
serve to keep alive the spirit of liberty. This within cer- 
tain limits is probably true : and in governments of a 
monarchical cast, patriotism may look with indulgence, 
if not with favor, upon the spirit of party. But in those 
of the popular character, in governments purely elective, 
it is a spirit not to be encouraged. From their natural 
tendency it is certain there will always be enough of that 
spirit for every salutary purpose. And there being con- 



Washington's farewell address. 51 

stant danger of excess, the effort ought to be, by force of 
pablic opinion, to mitigate and assuage it. A fire not to 
be quenched, it demands uniform vigilance to prevent 
its bursting into a flame, lest, instead of warming, it should 
consume. 

It is important, likewise, that the habits of thinking, in 
a free country, should inspire caution in those intrusted 
with its administration, to confine themselves within their 
respective constitutional spheres, avoiding in the exer- 
cise of the j^owers of one department to encroach upon 
another. The spirit of encroachment tends to consolidate 
the powers of all departments in one, and thus to create, 
wliatever the form of government, a real despotism. A 
just estimate of that love of power, and proneness to 
abuse it, which predominates in the human heart, is sufti- 
cient to satisfy us of the truth of tlfis position. The ne- 
cessity of reciprocal checks in the exercise of political 
power, by dividing and distributing it into difterent de- 
positories, and constituting each the guardian of the pub- 
lic weal against invasions by the others, has been evinced 
by experiments ancient and modern : some of them in our 
country and under our own eyes. To preserve them must 
be as necessary as to institute them. If, in the opinion 
of the people, the distribution or modification of the con- 
stitutional powers be in any particular wrong, let it be 
corrected by an amendment in the way which the consti- 
tution designates. But let there be no change by usur- 
pation ; for though this, in one instance, may be the 
instrument of good, it is the customary weapon by 
which free governments are destroyed. The precedent 
must always greatly overbalance in permanent evil any 
partial or transient benefit which the use can at any time 
yield. 

Of all the dispositions and habits which lead to politi- 
cal prosperity, RFj,iGioisr and Morat.ity are indis- 



52 Washington's farewell address. 



pensable supports. In vain would that man claim tlie 
tributes of Patriotism, who should labor to subvert 
these great pillars of human happiness, these firmest props 
of the duties of men and citizens. The mere politician, 
equally with the pious man, ought to respect and to cher- 
ish them. A volume could not trace all their connections 
with private and public felicity. Let it simply be asked, 
where is the security for property, for reputation, for life, 
if the sense of religious obligation desert the oaths 
which are the instruments of investigation in courts 
of justice ? And let us with caution indulge the sup- 
position, that morality can be maintained without re- 
ligion. Whatever may be conceded to the influence 
of refined education on minds of peculiar structure, 
reason and experience both forbid us to expect that 
national morality can prevail in exclusion of religious 
principle. 

It is substantially true, that virtue or morality is a ne- 
cessary spring of popular government. The rule indeed 
extends with more or less force to every species of free 
government. Who that is a sincere friend to it, can look 
with indifierence upon attempts to shake the foundation 
of the fabric ? 

Promote then, as an object of primary importance, insti- 
tutions for the general diffusion of knowledge. In pro- 
portion as the structure of a government gives force to 
public opinion, it is essential that public opinion should 
be enlightened. 

As a very important source of strength and security, 
cherish public credit. One method of preserving it, is to 
use it as sparingly as possible — avoiding occasions of ex- 
pense by cultivating peace ; but remember also that timely 
disbursements to prepare for danger, frequently prevent 
much greater disbursements to repel it ; avoiding likewise 



Washington's faeewell address. 53 



the accumulation of debt, not only by shunning occasions 
of expense, but by vigorous exertions in time of peace to 
discharge the debts which unavoidable wars may have oc- 
casioned, not ungenerously throwing upon posterity the 
burden which w^e ourselves ouglit to bear. The execu- 
tion of these maxims belongs to your Representatives, 
but it is necessary that public opinion should co-operate. 
To facilitate to them the performance of their duty, it is 
essential that you should practically bear in mind, that 
toward the payment of debts there must be revenue; 
that to have revenue there must be taxes ; that no taxes 
can be devised which are not more or less inconvenient 
and unpleasant ; that the intrinsic embarrassment insepa- 
rable from the selection of the proper objects (which is 
always a choice of difficulties) ought to be a decisive mo- 
tive for a candid construction of the conduct of the gov- 
ernment in making it, and for a sj^irit of acquiescence in 
the measures for obtaining revenue which the public exi- 
gencies may at any time dictate. 

Observe good faith and justice toward all nations, 
cultivate peace and harmony with all : religion and mo- 
rality enjoin this conduct : and can it be that good policy 
does not equally enjoin it? It will be worthy of a free, 
enlightened, and, at no distant period, a great nation, to 
give to mankind the magnanimous and too novel example 
of a people always guided by an exalted justice and be- 
nevolence. Who can doubt but in the course of time and 
things, the fruits of such a plan would riclily repay any 
temporary advantage which might be lost by a steady 
adherence to it ? Can it be, that Providence has not con- 
nected the permanent felicity of a nation with its virtue? 
The experiment, at least, is recommended by every senti- 
ment which ennobles human nature. Alas ! is it rendered 
impossible by its vices? 



54 washintgon's farewell address/ 



III the execution of such a plan, notliing is more essen- 
tial than til at jjermanent, inveterate antipathies against 
particular nations, and passionate attachments for others, 
should be excluded; and that in place of them just and 
amicable feelings toward all should be cultivated. The 
nation which indulges toward another an habitual ha- 
tred or an habitual fondness, is in some degree a slave. 
It is a slave to its animosity or to its affection, either of 
which is sufficient to lead it astray from its duty and its 
interest. Antipathy in one nation against another, dis- 
poses each itiore readily to offer insult and injury, to lay 
hold of slight causes of umbrage, and to be haughty and 
intractable, when accidental or trilling occasions of dis- 
pute occur. Hence frequent collisions, obstinate, enven- 
omed, and bloody contests. The nation, prompted by 
ill-will and resentment, sometimes impels to war the gov- 
ernment, contrary to the best calculations of policy. The 
government sometimes participates in the national pro- 
pensity, and adopts througli passion what reason would 
reject ; at other times, it makes the animosity of the na- 
tion subservient to projects of hostility instigated by 
pride, ambition, and other sinister and pernicious motives. 
The. peace often, sometimes perhaps the liberty, of na- 
tions has been the victim. 

So, likewise, a passionate attachment of one nation for 
another produces a variety of evils. Sympathy for the 
favorite nation, facilitating the illusion of an imaginary 
common interest in cases where no real common interest 
exists, and infusing into one the enmities of the other, 
betrays the former into a participation in the quarrels and 
wars of the latter, Avithout adequate inducement or justi- 
fication. It leads also to concessions to the favorite 
nation of privileges denied to others, which is apt doubly 
to injure tlie nation making the concessions, by unneces- 
sarily parting M'ith what ought to have been retained; 



WASHINGTON S FAREWELL ADDRESS. 



and by exciting jealousy, ill-will, and a disposition to 
retaliate, in the parties from whom equal privileges are 
withheld : And it gives to ambitious, corrupted, or de- 
luded citizens (who devote themselves to the favorite 
nation) facility to betray or sacrifice the interests of their 
own country, w^ithout odium, sometimes even w^ith popu- 
larity : gilding with the appearance of a virtuous sense 
of obligation a commendable deference for public opinion, 
or a laudable zeal for public good, the base or foolish 
compliances of ambition, corruption, or infatuation. 

As avenues to foreign influence in inminierable ways, 
such attachments are particularly alarming to the truly 
enlightened and independent patriot. IIow many oppor- 
tunities do they aftbrd to tamper with domestic factions ; 
to practise the arts of sedition, to mislead public opinion, 
to influence or awe the public councils ! Such an attach- 
ment of a small or weak, toward a great and powerful 
nation, dooms the former to be the satellite of the latter. 
Against the insidious wiles of foreign influence (I con- 
jure yon to believe me, fellow-citizens) the jealousy of a 
free people ought to be constantly awake ; since history 
and experience prove that foreign influence is one of the 
most baneful foes of Republican Government. But tliat 
jealousy to be useful must be impartial ; else it becomes 
the instrument of the very influence to be avoided, instead 
of a defence against it. Excessive partiality for one for- 
eign nation, and excessive dislike of another, cause those 
whom they actuate to see danger only on one side, and 
serve to veil and even second the arts of influence on the 
other. Real patriots, who may resist the intrigues of the 
favorite, are liable to become suspected and odious ; 
while its tools and dupes usurp the applause and confi- 
dence of the people, to surrender their interest. 

The great rule of conduct for us, in regard to foreign 
nations, is, in extending our commercial relations, to have 



D{J WASHINGTON S FAllEWELL ADDEESS. 

with them as little political connection as possible. So 
far as we have already formed engagements, let them be 
fulfilled with perfect good faith. Here let us stop. 

Europe has a set of primary interests, which to us have 
none, or a very remote relation. Hence she must be en- 
gaged in frequent controversies, the causes of which are 
essentially foreign to our concerns. Hence, therefore, it 
must be unwise in us to implicate ourselves, by artificial 
ties, in the ordinary vicissitudes of her jjolitics, or the 
ordinary combinations and collisions of her friendships or 
enmities. 

Our detached and distant situation invites and enables 
us to pursue a difterent course. If we remain one people, 
under an efficient government, the period is not far off 
Avhen we may defy material injury from external annoy- 
ance ; when we may take such an attitude as will cause 
the neutrality we may at any time resolve upon to be 
scrupulously respected ; when belligerent nations, under 
the impossibility of making acquisitions upon us, will not 
lightly hazard the giving us provocation ; when we may 
choose peace or war, as our interest, guided by justice, 
shall counsel. 

Why forego the advantages of so peculiar a situation V 
Why quit our own to stand upon foreign ground ? Why, 
by interweaving our destiny with that of any part of Eu- 
rope, entangle our peace and prosperity in the toils of 
European ambition, ];ivalship, interest, humor, or caprice ? 

It is our true policy to steer clear of permanent alli- 
ances with any portion of the foreign world : so far, I 
mean, as we are now at liberty to do it ; for let me not 
be understood as capable of patronizing infidelity to ex- 
isting engagements. I hold the maxim no less applicable 
to public than to private afl^airs, that honesty is always 
the best policy. I repeat it, therefore, let those engage- 
ments be observo<l \n their genuine sense. But, in my 



Washington's farewell address. 57 



opinivon, it is unnecessary, and would be unwise to extend 
them. 

Taking care always to keep ourselves, by suitable estab- 
lishments, on a respectable defensive posture, we may 
safely trust to temporary alliances for extraordinary emer- 
gencies. 

Harmony, and a liberal intercourse with all nations, are 
recommended by policy, humanity, and interest. 

But even our commercial policy should hold an equal 
and impartial hand ; neither seeking or granting exclu- 
sive favors or preferences ; — consulting the natural course 
of things; diffusing and diversifying by gentle means the 
streams of commerce, but forcing nothing ; establishing, 
with powers so disposed, in order to give trade a stable 
course, to define the rights of our merchants, and to ena- 
ble the government to support them, conventional rules 
of intercourse, the best that present circumstances and 
mutual opinion will permit, but temporary, and liable to 
be from time to time abandoned or varied, as experience 
and circumstances shall dictate ; constantly keeping in 
view, that it is folly in one nation to look for disinterested 
favors from another: that it must pay with a portion of 
its independence for whatever it may accept under that 
character ; that by such acceptance, it may place itself in 
the condition of having given equivalents for nominal 
favors, and yet of being reproached with ingratitude for 
not giving more. There can be no greater error than to 
expect, or calculate upon, real favors from nation to na- 
tion. It is an illusion which experience must cure, which 
a just pride ought to discard. 

In offering to you, my countrymen, these counsels of 
an old and affectionate friend, I dare not hope they will 
make the strong and lasting impression I could wish — 
that they will control the usual current of the passions, 
or prevent our nation from running the course which has 



58 Washington's farewell address. 



hitherto marked the destiny ot nations : Imt it" 1 may 
even flatter myself that they may be productive of soine 
partial benefit, some occasional good ; that they may now 
and then recur to moderate the fury of party spirit, to 
warn against the mischiefs of foreign intrigue, to guard 
against the impostures of pretended patriotism; this hope 
will be a full recompense for the solicitude for your wel- 
fare by which they have been dictated. 

How far in the discharge of my ofiicial duties I have 
been guided by the principles which have been delineated, 
the public records and other evidences of my conduct 
must witness to you and to the world. To myself, the 
assurance of my own conscience is, that I have at least 
believed myself to be guided by them. 

In relation to the still subsisthig war in Europe, my 
proclamation of the 22d of April, 1793, is the index to 
my plan. Sanctioned by your approving voice, and by 
that of your Representatives in both Houses of Congress, 
the spirit of that measure has continually governed me, 
uninfluenced by any attempts to deter or divert me from it. 

After deliberate examination, with the aid of the best 
lights I could obtain, I was well satisfied that our coun- 
try, under all the circumstances of the case, had a right 
to take, and was bound in duty and interest to take, a 
neutral position. Ha^ ing taken it, I determined, as far 
as should depend upon me, to maintain it with modera- 
tion, perseverance, and firmness. 

The considerations which respect the right to hold this 
conduct, it is not necessary on this occasion to detail. I 
will only observe, that according to my understanding 
of the matter, that right, so far from being denied by any 
of the Belligerent Powers, has been virtually admitted 
by all. 

The duty of holding a neutral conduct may be inferred, 
without any thing more, from the obligation which jus- 



Washington's farewell address. 59 



tice and humanity impose on every nation, in cases in 
which it is free to act, to maintain inviolate the relations 
of peace and amity toward other nations. 

The inducements of interest for observing that conduct 
Avill best be referred to your own reflections and experi- 
ence. With me, a predominant motive has been to en- 
deavor to gain time to our country to settle and mature 
its yet recent institutions, and to jjrogress, without inter- 
ruption, to that degree of strength and consistency w^hich 
is necessary to give it, humanly speaking, the command 
of its own fortunes. 

Though, in reviewing the incidents of my administra- 
tion, I am unconscious of intentional error, I am never- 
theless too sensible of my own defects, not to think it 
probable that I may have committed many errors. What- 
ever they may be, I fervently beseech the Almighty to 
avert or mitigate the evils to which they may tend. I 
shall also carry wdth me the hope that my country will 
never cease to view them with indulgence ; and that after 
forty-five years of my life dedicated to its service, with 
an upright zeal, the faults of incompetent abilities will 
be consigned to oblivion, as myself must soon be to the 
mansions of rest. 

Relying on its kindness in this as in other things, and 
actuated by that fervent love toward it, which is so nat- 
ural to a man who view^s in it the native soil of himself 
and his progenitors for several generations; I anticipate 
with pleasing expectation that retreat, in which I promise 
myself to realize, without alloy, the sweet enjoyment of 
partaking, in the midst of my fellow-citizens, the benign 
influence of good laws under a free government — the 
ever favorite object of my heart, and the happy reward, 
as I trust, of our mutual cares, labors, and dangei-s. 

G. WASHINGTON. 

United States, 
17th September, 1796. 



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